scholarly journals Faces of Inequality: Gender, Class, and Patterns of Inequalities in Different Types of Welfare States

2000 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. KORPI
Keyword(s):  
Welfare States ◽  
Different Types

scholarly journals The Taxation of Families: How Gendered (De)Familialization Tax Policies Modify Horizontal Income Inequality

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
MANUEL SCHECHTL
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Single Parent ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Family Type ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Tax Policies ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Labour Market Participation ◽  
Family Types ◽  
Different Types

Abstract A welfare state’s tax system does not solely redistribute from rich to poor (vertical) but also between family types (horizontal). Different types of families are treated differently due to gendered (de)familialization policies in the tax code, such as joint filing for spouses or single-parent relief. In this study I aim to examine the tax system’s modification of horizontal income inequality between the six most prevalent family types of non-retiree households. To answer my research aim I draw on harmonized data from 30 countries provided by the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS). I estimate pre- and post-fiscal income inequality measured as between-family-type Theil indices. Using multivariate linear regression, I examine the association of the percentage change in inequality and the prevalence of family type-related tax characteristics. The results show that welfare states with familialization tax policies reduce less horizontal income inequality compared to welfare states without familialization tax policies. As familialization tax policies provide additional benefits for breadwinners with dependents, they discourage labour market participation of secondary earners and might exacerbate gender inequalities.

The puzzle of Japans welfare capitalism: a review of the welfare regimes approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-110
Author(s):  
Martin Powell ◽  
Ki-tae Kim ◽  
Sung-won Kim
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Statistical Models ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Welfare Regime ◽  
Welfare Regimes ◽  
Theoretical Justification ◽  
Welfare Capitalism ◽  
Different Types

ABSTRACTThere has been little consensus on Japans welfare regime since Esping-Andersens [1990. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Cambridge: Polity Press] unclear categorisation of Japan as his only non-Western welfare state. This article is the first attempt to analyse academic research published in both English and Japanese. It presents a review of 40 collected studies (including 15 Western, 6 Asian and 19 Japanese articles), reached a wide variety of conclusions, defining Japan as eight different types: We point out that while the majority of Western studies tend to run statistical models including Japan among otherwise Western welfare states with little theoretical justification, Japanese scholars tend to focus on Japan as a single case. The two very different approaches may have something to learn from each other, as in thesis antithesis synthesis. Now that we are aware of very different approaches to and conclusions about Japans welfare regime, the topic appears ripe for greater co-operation between scholars.

Types of Social Protection

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Pestieau ◽  
Mathieu Lefebvre
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Social Culture ◽  
Political Sustainability ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The One ◽  
Distinguishing Features ◽  
The Welfare State

There does not exist a single model forthe welfare state in Europe. Each country has its own model, which is the result of its political and social culture and of its economic evolution. There exist a number of taxonomies of welfare states. In this chapter we favour a taxonomy based on two characteristics: the generosity and the redistributiveness of programs. The main interest of distinguishing among different types of social protection programs is the different implications they have in terms of efficiency, equity, and political sustainability. We observe a trade-off between efficiency and political support on the one hand and equity on the other hand. Other distinguishing features of the welfare state are analysed: individualization, activation, and responsabilization.

Welfare States in the Middle East

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferdinand Eibl
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Welfare Regimes ◽  
Welfare Provision ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Welfare Generosity

The chapter analyzes the origins and development of welfare provision in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). It provides a three-pronged typology of existing welfare regimes in the region along the dimensions of welfare generosity and accessibility. This is followed by a historical institutionalist account of the emergence of Middle Eastern welfare states, which emphasizes the importance of different types of coalitions formed at the critical juncture of regime formation. The chapter then hones in on three major areas of social policy (education, health, and social security) and outlines their development over time. The final section analyzes the effect of war-making on welfare provision in MENA and introduces the concept of “cheap social policies,” using Egypt as an example. The conclusion summarizes the main points and adumbrates future research agendas.

The Welfare States and Poverty

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheol-Sung Lee ◽  
In-Hoe Koo
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Welfare Regimes ◽  
Redistributive Policies ◽  
Welfare Institutions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact

This article examines the impact of welfare states on poverty reduction. It considers how different welfare regimes have reacted to help stressed populations, especially the poor, and how welfare states in developing countries protect their less capable populations under the pressures of globalization and postindustrial economic transformation. To address these questions, the article reviews existing theoretical and empirical literature on welfare states and poverty. It first describes three welfare state typologies in terms of skill and employment provisions before discussing the issues of targeting and encompassing welfare institutions. It then explores the redistributive policies of welfare states and how demographic transformations affect poverty. It also assesses the effects of two different types of welfare regimes observed in developing countries—productivist and protectionist welfare regimes—on poverty outcomes. Finally, it analyzes which configurations of social policies reduce poverty more effectively.

scholarly journals The sources of generalized trust and institutional confidence in Europe

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 29-40
Author(s):  
Antti Kouvo
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Institutional Characteristics ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
European Welfare States

Besides the exponential growth of written pages on social capital and trust, we have seen a considerable increase in empirical comparative studies on the topic. Despite that, it is not always clear how differences between individual and aggregate level factors are taken into account when exploring the sources of trust. The purpose of the article is to find out a) what the explanatory power of individual and country level factors is when explaining generalized and institutional trust among the Europeans and b) what the most essential differences are in the determinants of social capital between different types of European welfare states. The data come from the European Social Survey (ESS 2004). Multilevel analyses are accomplished in order to combine different levels of data and explanations. The results reveal many similarities but also remarkable differences in the generation of horizontal and vertical trust between different types of welfare states and support hypotheses emphasizing institutional characteristics of the states in the generation of trust.

The net social wage in different welfare regimes

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thanasis Maniatis ◽  
Costas Passas
Keyword(s):  
Public Debt ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Welfare Regimes ◽  
State Budget ◽  
True Rate ◽  
Wage Ratio ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Social Wage ◽  
Interest Payments

This article investigates empirically the net fiscal position of the working class in nine European countries for the 1995–2015 period. This is done through the estimation of the net social wage for wage and salary earners in those countries, characterized by different types of welfare states. The negative net social wage ratio in eight out of nine countries indicates that in advanced capitalism, the state budget redistributes income in such a way that the post-fiscal or true rate of exploitation is higher than the pre-fiscal or apparent one. Adverse economic conditions and ageing of the population have made the net social wage ratio less negative recently, while the accumulation of public debt and the increased obligations for interest payments on this public debt have acted in the opposite direction.

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