Spatial mismatch and youth unemployment in US cities: public transportation as a labor market institution

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christof Brandtner ◽  
Anna Lunn ◽  
Cristobal Young
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Path Dependence ◽  
Public Transit ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Spatial Mismatch ◽  
Market Institution ◽  
Labor Market Institution ◽  
Us Cities

Abstract Spatial mismatch between homes and jobs within a city can create unemployment despite the presence of unfilled jobs. This is especially problematic among young people who have limited transportation options and high rates of joblessness. Car ownership is a possible solution to spatial mismatch, but private vehicles are expensive and involve negative externalities. Public transportation provides an alternative infrastructure that reduces structural unemployment by matching supply and demand. Using longitudinal models of public transportation in the 95 largest US cities between 2000 and 2010, we test whether better public transit services reduce youth unemployment. Public transportation systems can serve as a labor market institution, but there are two worlds of public transportation in American cities. Improvements in public transit are mostly beneficial in cities that are already less dependent on private automobiles. Path dependence in transportation design means that some cities see little benefits to incremental investments in public transit.

scholarly journals The Fundamental Law of Road Congestion: Evidence from US Cities

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 2616-2652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilles Duranton ◽  
Matthew A Turner
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Public Transit ◽  
Interstate Highways ◽  
Road Congestion ◽  
Fundamental Law ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Us Cities

We investigate the effect of lane kilometers of roads on vehicle-kilometers traveled (VKT) in US cities. VKT increases proportionately to roadway lane kilometers for interstate highways and probably slightly less rapidly for other types of roads. The sources for this extra VKT are increases in driving by current residents, increases in commercial traffic, and migration. Increasing lane kilometers for one type of road diverts little traffic from other types of road. We find no evidence that the provision of public transportation affects VKT. We conclude that increased provision of roads or public transit is unlikely to relieve congestion. (JEL R41, R48)

scholarly journals Analysis of Aerial Ropeways by following various Indian and International Codes for Urban Mobility with some Structural Modifications in Monocable Ropeways to make it Safe, Secure, Economical and all Weather Durable

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VI) ◽  
pp. 1539-1548
Author(s):  
Bhat Omair Bashir
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Public Transit ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Transit Systems ◽  
Tourist Attractions ◽  
Structural Modifications ◽  
Transit Service

Cable-propelled transit’ (CPT), in particular detachable aerial ropeways are widely employed as transportation systems in alpine areas. In recent years, these transport systems have also been increasingly used in urban areas and are no longer a niche public transportation technology (Hoffmann 2006, Alshalalfah, Shalaby, and Dale 2014). Cable cars systems compete with performance characteristics of other more common urban transport technologies and have the potential to enhance the existing transport provision in cities (O'Connor and Dale 2011). While many applications can be found as transportation systems in airport facilities, and to provide access to tourist attractions, several metropolitan areas have even incorporated gondolas and aerial tramways into their public transport networks. This paper focuses on aerial ropeway systems that operate as a mass transit service (similar to buses, BRT, LRT, etc.) and are part of the public transit systems in their respective cities. Therefore, the analysis and case studies presented in the paper concern systems that are used as a public transit service

scholarly journals Factors Influencing the Intention to Use the Common Ticketing System (Spider Card) in Thailand

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fasang Prayoonphan ◽  
Xiaolin Xu
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Public Transit ◽  
Perceived Value ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Intention To Use ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
The Common ◽  
Facilitating Conditions

The Common Ticket, locally called the “Spider Card” is a contactless smartcard ticket used for public transportation systems in Thailand. The card is used for all modes of transportation and increases the convenience of public transit passengers while increasing public transport ridership. This research aimed to identify the determinant factors that impact passengers’ intention to use the Spider Card based on the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) model by integrating perceived convenience and perceived sacrifice as part of the perceived value. A survey of public transit users in the Bangkok metropolitan area was conducted. The Partial Least Square-Structure Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) technique was employed to examine the data. The results showed that perceived value, performance expectancy, and facilitating conditions are all significant factors. Perceived convenience and perceived sacrifice are significant antecedents for perceived value. Surprisingly, effort expectancy and social influence did not impact passengers’ intentions to use the Spider Card. The results also offer beneficial information for public transit authorities in order to comprehend what passengers desire from using these kinds of technology service systems.

scholarly journals Occupational Licensing

2000 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 189-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morris M Kleiner
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Occupational Licensing ◽  
Market Institution ◽  
Labor Market Institution

The study of the regulation of occupations has a long and distinguished tradition in economics. In this paper, I present the central arguments and unresolved issues involving the costs and benefits of occupational licensing. The main benefits that are suggested for occupational licensing involve improving quality for those persons receiving the service. In contrast, the costs attributed to this labor market institution are that it restricts the supply of labor to the occupation and thereby drives up the price of labor as well as of services rendered. Alternative public policies for this institution are identified.

Accessibility, Affordability, and Addressing Informal Services in Bus Reform: Lessons from Bogotá, Colombia

2017 ◽  
Vol 2634 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila Rodriguez ◽  
Tatiana Peralta-Quirós ◽  
Luis A. Guzman ◽  
Sebastian A. Cárdenas Reyes
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Public Transit ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Reform Process ◽  
Public Transport System ◽  
Bus Services ◽  
Public Transportation Systems ◽  
The City

Many cities in the developing world are reforming transit by formalizing bus services to capture user and nonuser benefits. A forerunner in transit reform, the city of Bogotá, Colombia, first implemented the TransMilenio bus rapid transit (BRT) system and then more recently undertook a large-scale initiative to formalize and regulate traditional urban buses in the city. This integrated public transport system [Sistema Integrado de Transporte Público (SITP)] is transforming Bogotá’s traditional urban bus system into a regulated, concessionary system with restructured bus routes that integrates operations, fares, and infrastructure with the TransMilenio BRT. An investigation was conducted to determine whether the SITP has increased affordability and employment accessibility for public transit users in Bogotá. Results revealed that most accessibility improvements resulted from the recent expansion (and significantly higher speeds) of TransMilenio rather than the SITP. Results of an analysis conducted with budget constraints to determine affordable accessibility indicated that employment accessibility was reduced overall; however, the new integrated fare increased accessibility over traditional buses, especially on the periphery and in southern areas of the city, as a result of reduced transfer costs. Overall, results partly explain the lack of enthusiasm for the bus reform process on the part of public transit users and the political discomfort that becomes apparent when embarking on this process in developing-world cities. Also, more incremental, flexible reform might be crafted for public transportation systems that are dominated by informal services.

International Outsourcing and Wage Rigidity

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 1850260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Horgos
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Wage Rigidity ◽  
Labor Market Institutions ◽  
International Outsourcing ◽  
Market Institutions ◽  
Market Institution ◽  
Skill Intensity ◽  
Labor Market Institution ◽  
Theoretical Results

In industrialized economies, International Outsourcing is often blamed for destroying jobs and thus, inducing unemployment. Since most contributions examining International Outsourcing assume flexible wages, they do not address these concerns directly. This paper adopts a rigid wage approach and investigates the differences occurring. As theoretical results and the empirical panel data estimations for Germany show, effects depend on industry aggregation, the industry's skill intensity, and the labor market institution. Only in industries characterized by wage rigidity, outsourcing significantly increases low skilled unemployment. Consequently, not International Outsourcing but inflexible labor market institutions instead should be blamed for destroying low skill jobs.

scholarly journals Discussion on Optimization of Public Transportation Network Setting considering Three-State Reliability

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Zhang Xiaoliang ◽  
Jia Limin
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Public Transit ◽  
Transportation Network ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Transit Network ◽  
Bike Sharing ◽  
Bus Networks

In order to be environment-friendly, relieve traffic congestion, reduce pollution, and be green and sustainable, the optimization and development of public transportation, as the subject of people's long-term research, has always been shining. With the emergence of shared transportation, public transportation systems face more challenges. In order to better connect with bike-sharing, car-sharing, and other modes of transportation, public transportation will carry out important reforms, among which the optimization of line network is one of the most important tasks. The traditional bus route design is mainly based on the “four-stage” method model, which is mainly based on the investigation and analysis of the existing traffic system and land use. Through the work flow of “evaluation, calibration, and verification,” the network balance optimization model is used to get the bus travel allocation prediction model. In this paper, the optimization problem of public transit network is studied from the point of view of the reliability of public transit network. It is proposed that public transit network can be abstracted into series-parallel system and parallel-series system model from the three states of normal, short-circuit failure, and open-circuit failure and is analyzed and discussed through the hypothesis experiment. The research of this paper will provide a new perspective for the optimization of public transit network, complement the traditional methods, and support the optimization and reliability improvement of urban public transit network. More reliable bus networks and other modes of transportation, such as walking, bike-sharing, and rail, will become more suitable for people to get around.

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