How Unregulated Is the U.S. Labor Market? The Penal System as a Labor Market Institution

1999 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 1030-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce Western ◽  
Katherine Beckett
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Penal System ◽  
Market Institution ◽  
Labor Market Institution ◽  
The U.S

Spatial mismatch and youth unemployment in US cities: public transportation as a labor market institution

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christof Brandtner ◽  
Anna Lunn ◽  
Cristobal Young
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Path Dependence ◽  
Public Transit ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Spatial Mismatch ◽  
Market Institution ◽  
Labor Market Institution ◽  
Us Cities

Abstract Spatial mismatch between homes and jobs within a city can create unemployment despite the presence of unfilled jobs. This is especially problematic among young people who have limited transportation options and high rates of joblessness. Car ownership is a possible solution to spatial mismatch, but private vehicles are expensive and involve negative externalities. Public transportation provides an alternative infrastructure that reduces structural unemployment by matching supply and demand. Using longitudinal models of public transportation in the 95 largest US cities between 2000 and 2010, we test whether better public transit services reduce youth unemployment. Public transportation systems can serve as a labor market institution, but there are two worlds of public transportation in American cities. Improvements in public transit are mostly beneficial in cities that are already less dependent on private automobiles. Path dependence in transportation design means that some cities see little benefits to incremental investments in public transit.

scholarly journals Occupational Licensing

2000 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 189-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morris M Kleiner
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Occupational Licensing ◽  
Market Institution ◽  
Labor Market Institution

The study of the regulation of occupations has a long and distinguished tradition in economics. In this paper, I present the central arguments and unresolved issues involving the costs and benefits of occupational licensing. The main benefits that are suggested for occupational licensing involve improving quality for those persons receiving the service. In contrast, the costs attributed to this labor market institution are that it restricts the supply of labor to the occupation and thereby drives up the price of labor as well as of services rendered. Alternative public policies for this institution are identified.

scholarly journals Die Bedeutung des Gefängnisses für das neue Armutsregime

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (152) ◽  
pp. 399-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loïc Wacquant
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Penal System ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Genesis A

The spectacular growth of incarcertion in the U.S. can hardly be explained by the genesis a "prisonindustrial complex," as suggested by some criminologists, journalists and justice activists. Instead we must look at the rise of the "liberal-paternalist state", in which the prison functions as part of a triadic institutional nexus: The penal system contlibutes directly to regulating the lower segments of the labor market; it complements and compensates for the collapsing ghetto as device for the confinement of a population considered deviant, deviolls, and dangerous; and it is directly connected to the logic of welfare-to-workfare reforms.

International Outsourcing and Wage Rigidity

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 1850260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Horgos
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Wage Rigidity ◽  
Labor Market Institutions ◽  
International Outsourcing ◽  
Market Institutions ◽  
Market Institution ◽  
Skill Intensity ◽  
Labor Market Institution ◽  
Theoretical Results

In industrialized economies, International Outsourcing is often blamed for destroying jobs and thus, inducing unemployment. Since most contributions examining International Outsourcing assume flexible wages, they do not address these concerns directly. This paper adopts a rigid wage approach and investigates the differences occurring. As theoretical results and the empirical panel data estimations for Germany show, effects depend on industry aggregation, the industry's skill intensity, and the labor market institution. Only in industries characterized by wage rigidity, outsourcing significantly increases low skilled unemployment. Consequently, not International Outsourcing but inflexible labor market institutions instead should be blamed for destroying low skill jobs.

Getting Tough

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julilly Kohler-Hausmann
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
African American ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Penal System ◽  
Social Programs ◽  
Social Investment ◽  
Welfare Programs ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Social Upheaval ◽  
The U.S

In 1970s America, politicians began “getting tough” on drugs, crime, and welfare. These campaigns helped expand the nation's penal system, discredit welfare programs, and cast blame for the era's social upheaval on racialized deviants that the state was not accountable to serve or represent. This book sheds light on how this unprecedented growth of the penal system and the evisceration of the nation's welfare programs developed hand in hand. The book shows that these historical events were animated by struggles over how to interpret and respond to the inequality and disorder that crested during this period. When social movements and the slowing economy destabilized the U.S. welfare state, politicians reacted by repudiating the commitment to individual rehabilitation that had governed penal and social programs for decades. In its place, they championed strategies of punishment, surveillance, and containment. The architects of these tough strategies insisted they were necessary, given the failure of liberal social programs and the supposed pathological culture within poor African American and Latino communities. This book rejects this explanation and describes how the spectacle of enacting punitive policies convinced many Americans that social investment was counterproductive and the “underclass” could be managed only through coercion and force. Spanning diverse institutions and weaving together the perspectives of opponents, supporters, and targets of punitive policies, the book offers new interpretations of dramatic transformations in the modern American state.

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