Occupational class and educational level inequalities in major cardiovascular risk factors in Turkey: 2008–2016

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erdem Erkoyun ◽  
J P Mackenbach
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Turkish Population ◽  
Occupational Class ◽  
Relative Index ◽  
Index Of Inequality ◽  
Interaction Term

Abstract Background We aimed to investigate the magnitude of occupational class (OC) and educational level (EL) inequalities in cardiovascular risk factors in Turkey from 2008 to 2016 and compare these inequalities with neighbouring European countries. Methods We used the Turkey Health Survey among a representative sample of the Turkish population. We estimated relative index of inequality (RII) for four cardiovascular risk factors (obesity/overweight, hypertension, diabetes, smoking) by OC/EL with an interaction term for survey year and compared selected results with neighbouring countries. Results Men with lower OC and EL smoked more (e.g. RII for EL = 1.40 [1.26–1.55]); however, the remaining risk factors were mostly lower in these groups. Women in lower socio-economic groups smoked less (e.g. RII for EL = 0.36 [0.29–0.44]), however, had higher prevalence of the remaining risk factors. Significant interactions with survey year were only found in a few cases. The pattern of inequalities in Turkey is largely similar to neighbouring countries. Conclusions Inequalities in cardiovascular risk factors are less systematic in Turkey than in most high-income countries, but ongoing trends suggest that this may change in the future.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic Inequalities in Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Turkey, 2008-2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
E Erkoyun ◽  
J P Mackenbach
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Turkish Population ◽  
Occupational Class ◽  
Relative Index ◽  
Socioeconomic Groups ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic ◽  
Index Of Inequality ◽  
Education Groups

Abstract Background This study aims to investigate the magnitude of occupational class (OC) and educational inequalities in cardiovascular risk factors in Turkey from 2008 to 2016. Methods We used the Turkey Health Survey, a bi-annual health interview survey among a representative sample of the Turkish population. We calculated the age-standardized prevalence of four cardiovascular risk factors (obesity, overweight, hypertension, diabetes and smoking) by OC and education, and summarized inequalities with the Relative Index of Inequality (RII) and Slope Index of Inequality (SII). To determine whether the RII/SII changed over time we estimated a regression model with an interaction term between survey year and OC/education. Results We found different patterns for men and women. Among men, smoking was the only risk factor with a higher prevalence in both lower OC and education groups (RII = 1.18 (95% CI: 1.08-1.28) and 1.40 (1.26-1.55), respectively). Obesity, overweight and diabetes was higher among higher OC (e.g., for overweight RII = 0.83, 95% CI 0.76-0.90) whereas obesity was higher among lower educated (RII = 1.32, (95% CI: 1.08-1.61)) and no inequalities were found for hypertension by socioeconomic status. However, among women, all risk factors except smoking had a higher prevalence in lower OC and education groups (e.g., for overweight RII = 1.14 (1.06-1.24) and 2.98 (2.71-3.29), respectively), whereas for smoking we found a higher prevalence in higher socioeconomic groups (RII for OC = 0.77 (95% CI: 0.65-0.90 and for education = 0.36 (0.29-0.44)). Significant interactions with survey year were only found in a few cases, mainly pointing to emergence or widening of inequalities to the disadvantage of lower socioeconomic groups. Conclusions Inequalities in cardiovascular risk factors are less systematic in Turkey than in most high-income countries, but if current trends continue similar inequalities will emerge in the near future. Key messages In Turkey, in men obesity, overweight and diabetes are concentrated among higher occupational classes, obesity is concentrated among lower education groups and lower socioeconomic groups smoke more. In Turkey, in women obesity, overweight, hypertension and diabetes are concentrated among lower socioeconomic groups however higher socioeconomic groups smoke more.

Trends in the Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control of Cardiovascular Risk Factors across Educational Level in the 1995–2005 Period

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 555-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Redondo ◽  
Joan Benach ◽  
Isaac Subirana ◽  
José Miguel Martinez ◽  
Miguel Angel Muñoz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
And Control

4.P.62 Cardiovascular risk factors and glucose tolerance in a representative sample of southwestern France

1997 ◽  
Vol 134 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 309
Author(s):  
P. Gourdy ◽  
J.B. Ruidavets ◽  
J.P. Tauber ◽  
M.C. Turnin ◽  
J. Ferrières
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Representative Sample

scholarly journals Cardiovascular Risk Factors and their Relationship with Educational Level in a University Population

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rute Pires Costa ◽  
Pedro Antônio Muniz Ferreira ◽  
Francisco das Chagas Monteiro Junior ◽  
Adalgisa de Sousa Paiva Ferreira ◽  
Valdinar Sousa Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
University Population

scholarly journals Thirteen-year trends in the prevalence of diabetes according to socioeconomic condition and cardiovascular risk factors in a Swiss population

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. e001273
Author(s):  
Carlos de Mestral ◽  
Silvia Stringhini ◽  
Idris Guessous ◽  
François R Jornayvaz
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Health Insurance ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Diabetes Prevalence ◽  
Undiagnosed Diabetes ◽  
Socioeconomic Condition ◽  
Swiss Population ◽  
Index Of Inequality

IntroductionTo estimate the prevalence of and trends in diabetes according to sociodemographic indicators and cardiovascular risk factors in a Swiss population.Research design and methodsAnnual cross-sectional study of adults residing in the state of Geneva. We included 9886 participants (51% women; mean age (SD) of 48.9 (13.4) years). Diagnosed diabetes was self-reported; undiagnosed diabetes was defined as having fasting plasma glucose level of ≥7 mmol/L and no previous diagnosis; total diabetes as the sum of diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes. To assess trends, we grouped survey years into three time periods: 2005–2010, 2011–2014, and 2015–2017. To assess inequalities, we constructed the relative index of inequality (RII) and the slope index of inequality (SII) for education, income, and health insurance subsidy (state program based on socioeconomic disadvantage).ResultsIn total, 683 diabetes cases were identified. In 2015–2017, total diabetes prevalence was 11.8% (8.6%–14.9%) among lowest income participants, and 4.7% (3.4%–5.9%) among highest income participants (p<0.01). Similar findings were observed for education. Among participants with full health insurance subsidy, diabetes prevalence was 19.4% (12.1%–26.8%), and 6.1% (5.3%–7.0%) among those without (p<0.01). High diabetes prevalence was observed among participants who were men, older, overweight or obese, hypertensive, and hypercholesterolemic. Among participants with diabetes, 74.0% (63.5%–84.4%) in the lowest income group were diagnosed, compared with 90.2% (81.9%–98.4%) in the highest income group (p=0.04). Over the 13-year period, widening relative and absolute inequalities in total diabetes prevalence were observed for education and income. The education-RII (95% CI) increased from 1.51 (95% CI 1.01 to 2.32) in 2005–2010 to 2.54 (95% CI 1.58 to 4.07) in 2015–2017 (p=0.01), and the education-SII (95% CI) from 0.04 (95% CI 0.01 to 0.08) to 0.08 (95% CI 0.04 to 0.10; p<0.01). The income-RII increased from 2.35 (95% CI 1.44 to 3.84) to 3.91 (95% CI 2.24 to 6.85; p<0.01), and the income-SII from 0.08 (95% CI 0.04 to 0.12) to 0.011 (95% CI 0.07 to 0.14; p=0.01). Inequalities by health insurance subsidy were large (RII 3.56 (95% CI 1.90 to 6.66) and SII 0.10 (95% CI 0.05 to 0.15)) but stable across the study period.ConclusionAmong adults living in Geneva, Switzerland, substantial differences were observed in diabetes prevalence across socioeconomic and cardiovascular risk groups over a 13-year period, and relative and absolute socioeconomic inequalities appeared to have increased.

scholarly journals Persistence of socioeconomic inequalities in the knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors five years after coronary angiography

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastase Tchicaya ◽  
Nathalie Lorentz ◽  
Stefaan Demarest ◽  
Jean Beissel
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Coronary Angiography ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Knowledge Level ◽  
Cardiac Events ◽  
The Impact

Background: Cardiovascular diseases are important causes of death, morbidity, and years of potential life lost in most developed countries. Aims: The purpose of this study was to assess trends in knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors among patients five years after coronary angiography and to investigate the impact of educational level on knowledge level. Methods: The study included 1289 of 4391 patients admitted for cardiac events in 2008/2009 at the National Institute for Cardiac Surgery and Interventional Cardiology, Luxembourg. A follow-up study was conducted by post five years later (2013/2014). Data were obtained from 1837 of the contacted patients (with 548 reported deaths) (response rate=42%). Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between educational level and knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors. Educational level was used as a surrogate for socioeconomic status. Results: In total, 39.9% of patients could list at least three risk factors in 2013/2014, a much higher percentage than the 8.5% observed during the initial survey. In both sexes, knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors increased between 2008/2009 and 2013/2014. Patients with higher educational levels were more likely (odds ratio=2.33, 95% confidence interval: 1.63–3.34) to cite at least three risk factors than patients with lower education levels. Conclusion: Knowledge level was associated with educational level, and improved for all educational groups five years after coronary angiography. Educational differences in knowledge persisted, but the gaps decreased. Improving knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors among patients with cardiovascular disease will help increase awareness and promote lifestyle changes.

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