scholarly journals The effect of light regimen, floor space, and energy and protein levels during the growing period on body weight and early egg size

1998 ◽  
Vol 77 (9) ◽  
pp. 1266-1279 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Keshavarz
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Egg Size ◽  
Floor Space ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Light Regimen ◽  
Effect Of Light

THE INFLUENCE OF RESTRICTED FEED INTAKE OF CONFINEMENT-REARED PULLETS ON THEIR PERFORMANCE DURING THE LAYING PERIOD

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. E. Gardiner ◽  
T. M. MacIntyre
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Egg Size ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Measurable Effect ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Restricted Feed Intake

Two experiments were conducted to measure some of the effects of varying the length and the degree of feed restriction of confinement-reared pullets on laying-house performance. In general, increases in the length of time of restriction were followed by an increase in the number of days required to reach 50 per cent production, an increase in the initial egg size (first 8000 eggs), and a decrease in body weight at either 21 or 22 weeks of age. Feed restriction, in most cases, changed the pattern of egg production so that the birds came into production later than full-fed birds but subsequently "peaked" at a higher rate of production and maintained a higher rate of production for the remainder of the experimental period. Restricting the feed intake of the growing pullets resulted in a substantial feed saving during the growing period, but had no measurable effect on feed consumption during the laying period.

scholarly journals Effect of milk replacer allowance on calf faecal bacterial community profiles and fermentation

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep Kumar ◽  
M. Ajmal Khan ◽  
Emma Beijer ◽  
Jinxin Liu ◽  
Katherine K. Lowe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Bacterial Diversity ◽  
Serum Protein ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Protein Levels

Abstract Background The nutrition of calves from birth until weaning is predominantly from liquid (milk or milk-based) feeds. Liquid feed allowances are often restricted during artificial rearing to accelerate the development of the rumen by promoting solid feed intake. Liquid feeds bypass the rumen and are digested in the lower digestive tract, however, the influence of different types of milk feeds, and their allowances, on the calf hindgut microbiota is not well understood. In this study, faecal samples from 199 calves raised on three different allowances of milk replacer: 10% of initial bodyweight (LA), 20% of initial bodyweight (HA), and ad libitum (ADLIB), were collected just prior to weaning. Bacterial community structures and fermentation products were analysed, and their relationships with calf growth and health parameters were examined to identify potential interactions between diet, gut microbiota and calf performance. Results Differences in the total concentrations of short-chain fatty acids were not observed, but higher milk replacer allowances increased the concentrations of branched short-chain fatty acids and decreased acetate to propionate ratios. The bacterial communities were dominated by Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae and Bacteroides, and the bacterial diversity of the ADLIB diet group was greater than that of the other diet groups. Faecalibacterium was over three times more abundant in the ADLIB compared to the LA group, and its abundance correlated strongly with girth and body weight gains. Milk replacer intake correlated strongly with Peptococcus and Blautia, which also correlated with body weight gain. Bifidobacterium averaged less than 1% abundance, however its levels, and those of Clostridium sensu stricto 1, correlated strongly with initial serum protein levels, which are an indicator of colostrum intake and passive transfer of immunoglobulins in early life. Conclusions Higher milk replacer intakes in calves increased hindgut bacterial diversity and resulted in bacterial communities and short chain fatty acid profiles associated with greater protein fermentation. Increased abundances of beneficial bacteria such as Faecalibacterium, were also observed, which may contribute to development and growth. Moreover, correlations between microbial taxa and initial serum protein levels suggest that colostrum intake in the first days of life may influence microbiota composition at pre-weaning.

scholarly journals Maternal high-fat diet induces metabolic stress response disorders in offspring hypothalamus

2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Long The Nguyen ◽  
Sonia Saad ◽  
Yi Tan ◽  
Carol Pollock ◽  
Hui Chen
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Er Stress ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Mrna Level ◽  
Metabolic Stress ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Chemical Chaperone ◽  
Protein Levels

Maternal obesity has been shown to increase the risk of obesity and related disorders in the offspring, which has been partially attributed to changes of appetite regulators in the offspring hypothalamus. On the other hand, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy have been implicated in hypothalamic neuropeptide dysregulation, thus may also play important roles in such transgenerational effect. In this study, we show that offspring born to high-fat diet-fed dams showed significantly increased body weight and glucose intolerance, adiposity and plasma triglyceride level at weaning. Hypothalamic mRNA level of the orexigenic neuropeptide Y (NPY) was increased, while the levels of the anorexigenic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), NPY1 receptor (NPY1R) and melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) were significantly downregulated. In association, the expression of unfolded protein response (UPR) markers including glucose-regulated protein (GRP)94 and endoplasmic reticulum DNA J domain-containing protein (Erdj)4 was reduced. By contrast, protein levels of autophagy-related genes Atg5 and Atg7, as well as mitophagy marker Parkin, were slightly increased. The administration of 4-phenyl butyrate (PBA), a chemical chaperone of protein folding and UPR activator, in the offspring from postnatal day 4 significantly reduced their body weight, fat deposition, which were in association with increased activating transcription factor (ATF)4, immunoglobulin-binding protein (BiP) and Erdj4 mRNA as well as reduced Parkin, PTEN-induced putative kinase (PINK)1 and dynamin-related protein (Drp)1 protein expression levels. These results suggest that hypothalamic ER stress and mitophagy are among the regulatory factors of offspring metabolic changes due to maternal obesity.

A comparative study of fat and protein levels in the colostrum of prolific and non-prolific sheep

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 104-104
Author(s):  
J.M.L. Anderson ◽  
M.N.I. Barclay ◽  
M. J. Harvey ◽  
A. Waterhouse
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Protein Levels

It is vital that lambs receive at least 50ml/kg body weight of colostrum as soon as possible after birth. Without this, the lamb will be deprived quickly of energy for thermoregulation, as well as antibody protection. Colostrum contains high levels of fats and lactose, proteins and vitamins; however the consistency and colour vary between individual animals. Little is known of the cause of these variations. This experiment aimed to examine whether there were breed, age, genotype and litter size differences in the fat and protein levels of ewe colostrum collected within one hour of parturition.

scholarly journals PERFORMANCE OF QUAILS (Coturnix-coturnix japonica) GIVEN DRINK CONTAINING MORINGA LEAF SOLUTION IN THEIR GROWING PERIOD

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Fatkur Rohman ◽  
Ristika Handarini ◽  
Hanafi Nur
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Coturnix Japonica ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Coturnix Coturnix ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

Moringa leaves contain phytochemicals which can be used to improve the performance of quails in their growing period.  This study was aimed at assessing the effects of the inclusion of moringa leaf solution in drinking water on the performance of quails.  The study was conducted at Badrupuyuh Farm, Sukajaya Village RT 01/02, Ciomas, Bogor Regency from October to December 2017.  One-hundred quail birds aged 7 days with average initial body weight of 17.87±0.46 g were used.  The birds were fed starter and grower commercial rations.  Moringa leaf solution was given through drinking water.  A completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 5 replicates was used.   Treatments consisted of drinking water containing no moringa leaf solution (R0), drinking water containing 5% moringa leaf solution (R1), drinking water containing 10% moringa leaf solution (R2), drinking water containing 15% moringa leaf solution (R3).  Data were subjected to an analysis of variance and a Duncan test.  Measurements were taken on feed intake, body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion, and mortality rate.  Results showed that there were significant effects (P<0.05) of treatments on BWG in week 2 and 4 and feed conversion in week 2.  No mortality of quails was found.  It was concluded that the inclusion of 10% moringa leaf solution in drinking water could increase BWG in week 2 and 4, improve feed conversion, and maintain the life of quails.  It was recommended that further studies on the effects of moringa leaf solution inclusion in drinking water on egg production in laying period.  Key words: performance, quail, moringa leaf solution

scholarly journals Short communication: Melatonin implantation during the non-growing period of cashmere increases the cashmere yield of female Inner Mongolian cashmere goats by increasing fiber length and density

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e06SC01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziyuan Wu ◽  
Chunhui Duan ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Tao Duan ◽  
Fang Mo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Fiber Length ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Fiber Diameter ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Initial Body Weight ◽  
Melatonin Treatment ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Cashmere Goats

This study aimed to evaluate if melatonin implantation at the end of April and June was able to increase cashmere production in female Inner Mongolian cashmere goats and to search for contributing factors accounting for the melatonin increasing in cashmere production. One hundred and fifty female Inner Mongolian cashmere goats (initial body weight 37.2 ± 3.3 kg) were randomly assigned to either a control (n=75) or a treatment (n=75) group. Goats in the treatment group were implanted with melatonin (2 mg/kg of body weight) on April 30 and June 30, 2014 while goats in the control received no treatment. Melatonin implantation increased cashmere yield by 23.4% while increasing the length and density of the cashmere fiber by 19.8% and 11.4%, whereas it decreased cashmere fiber diameter by 4.4%. Melatonin treatment had no effect on doe growth, litter size or birth and weaning weights of kid. Melatonin implantation promoted cashmere yield by increasing fiber length and density without impacting the performance of goats and their offspring. Therefore, melatonin implantation during the cashmere non-growing period (late April and June) is an effective way to increase cashmere yield and improve cashmere characteristics of goats.

scholarly journals Maternal undernutrition during late gestation-induced intrauterine growth restriction in the rat is associated with impaired placental GLUT3 expression, but does not correlate with endogenous corticosterone levels

2002 ◽  
Vol 174 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Lesage ◽  
D Hahn ◽  
M Leonhardt ◽  
B Blondeau ◽  
B Breant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Glucose Transporter ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Plasma Corticosterone ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Protein Levels

Fetal intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a frequently occurring and serious complication of pregnancy. Infants exposed to IUGR are at risk for numerous perinatal morbidities, including hypoglycemia in the neonatal period, as well as increased risk of later physical and/or mental impairments, cardiovascular disease and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Fetal growth restriction most often results from uteroplacental dysfunction during the later stage of pregnancy. As glucose, which is the most abundant nutrient crossing the placenta, fulfills a large portion of the fetal energy requirements during gestational development, and since impaired placental glucose transport is thought to result in growth restriction, we investigated the effects of maternal 50% food restriction (FR50) during the last week of gestation on rat placental expression of glucose transporters, GLUT1, GLUT3 and GLUT4, and on plasma glucose content in both maternal and fetal compartments. Moreover, as maternal FR50 induces fetal overexposure to glucocorticoids and since these hormones are potent regulators of placental glucose transporter expression, we investigated whether putative alterations in placental GLUT expression correlate with changes in maternal and/or fetal corticosterone levels. At term (day 21 of pregnancy), plasma glucose content was significantly reduced (P<0.05) in mothers subjected to FR50, but was not affected in fetuses. Food restriction reduced maternal body weight (P<0.001) but did not affect placental weight. Plasma corticosterone concentration, at term, was increased (P<0.05) in FR50 mothers. Fetuses from FR50 mothers showed reduced body weight (P<0.001) but higher plasma corticosterone levels (P<0.05). Adrenalectomy (ADX) followed by corticosterone supplementation of the mother prevented the FR50-induced rise in maternal plasma corticosterone at term. Food restriction performed on either sham-ADX or ADX mothers induced a similar reduction in the body weight of the pups at term (P<0.01). Moreover, plasma corticosterone levels were increased in pups from sham-ADX FR50 mothers (P<0.01) and in pups from ADX control mothers (P<0.01). Western blot analysis of placental GLUT proteins showed that maternal FR50 decreased placental GLUT3 protein levels in all experimental groups at term (P<0.05 and P<0.01), but did not affect either GLUT1 or GLUT4 protein levels. Northern blot analysis of placental GLUT expression showed that both GLUT1 and GLUT3 mRNA were not affected by the maternal feeding regimen or surgery. We concluded that prolonged maternal malnutrition during late gestation decreases maternal plasma glucose content and placental GLUT3 glucose transporter expression, but does not obviously affect fetal plasma glucose concentration. Moreover, the present results are not compatible with a role of maternal corticosterone in the development of growth-restricted rat fetuses.

scholarly journals URI-1 Levels Are Elevated in Fatty Livers of db/db and C57BL/6 Mice Fed Trans-10, Cis-12 Conjugated Linoleic Acid

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 383-383
Author(s):  
Luis Cordero-Monroy ◽  
Carla Taylor ◽  
Peter Zahradka
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Western Blotting ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Fatty Acid Uptake ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
Body Weight Ratio ◽  
Protein Levels

Abstract Objectives This study was designed to investigate whether unconventional prefoldin RPB5 interactor (URI)-1 mediates hepatic accumulation of triglyceride (TG) in response to a diet with trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (t10,c12 CLA) in lean or genetically obese mice. URI-1 belongs to the prefoldin family of proteins that have been shown to coordinate nutrient availablility by transcriptional regulation of genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism. Thus, it was hypothesized that URI-1 in liver is involved in increased fatty acid uptake and accumulation leading to fatty liver. Methods C57BL/6 and db/db mice were randomly assigned to two diet groups, control (CTL) and t10,c12 CLA (0.4% w/w). After 4 weeks, the mice were weighed and euthanized. Livers were dissected, weighed and stored at –80°C. Liver lysates were prepared from the tissue for Western blotting to measure hepatic protein levels of URI-1 and FABP1. The amount of lipid in the livers was determined using the LabAssay™ Triglyceride kit, a colorimetric TG assay. Results The liver to body weight ratio of db/db and C57BL/6 mice fed t10,c12 CLA increased by 90% and 52%, respectively, compared to their counterparts fed the CTL diet. Likewise, the hepatic TG concentration (mg TG/mg protein) was increased 38% and 5-fold, respectively, in CLA-fed db/db and C57BL/6 mice compared to CTL db/db and C57BL/6 mice. Western blotting showed that FABP1 levels were approximately 2-fold greater in the db/db t10,c12 CLA group relative to the db/db CTL group, and may contribute to increased fatty acid uptake. Furthermore, URI-1 protein levels were elevated 4-fold in db/db and C57BL6 mice fed t10,c12 CLA compared to their respective CTL groups. Lastly, correlation analysis revealed that URI-1 levels were significantly correlated with hepatic TG concentrations (r = 0.61) and liver/body weight ratio (r = 0.64). Conclusions This study revealed a relationship between hepatic TG accumulation and URI-1, a protein associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cirrhosis. This study provides a basis for in vitro experiments exploring the causative role of URI-1 in propagating hepatic TG accumulation, and ultimately the progression of fatty liver disease to HCC and cirrhosis. Funding Sources University Collaborative Research Project, NSERC Discovery, and University of Manitoba Graduate Enhancement of Tri-Council Stipends.

scholarly journals Growth performance and uniformity of commercial brown layer chicks

1970 ◽  
Vol 39 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 170-175
Author(s):  
S Haider ◽  
SD Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Standard Data ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Key Words Growth

Growth performance of commercial brown layer chicks (Shaver 579; n = 408) was studied in an open-sided house by feeding layer starter and layer grower diets during 0-17 weeks of age. The experimental period was divided into three phases: Phase I (0-4 weeks), Phase II (5-7 weeks) and Phase III (8-17 weeks). Both growth and feed consumption closely followed the standard data except during 10, 11, 12 weeks of age when the birds had to face some stresses. The target body weight was 1.4 kg which was achieved at proper age (17 weeks) by consuming feed almost similar to standard amount. Compensatory growth of chicks occurred during the later stage of growing period. The flock uniformity was 80% at 17 weeks. Livability of chicks was found to be excellent (99.3%) during the experimental period (0-17 weeks). It is suggested that despite some stresses, commercial brown layer chicks may achieve body weight and uniformity close to breeder’s standards when reared in an open-sided house. Key words: Growth; Uniformity; Commercial brown layer DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v39i1-2.9691 Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2010, 39(1&2): 170-175

Effect of light regimen under various ambient temperatures on sow and litter performance1

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 1461-1466 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Prunier ◽  
J. Y. Dourmad ◽  
M. Etienne
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Light Regimen ◽  
Effect Of Light
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