scholarly journals Retrospective Study Investigating the Seroprevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Manitoba, Canada: 2011–2014

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamran Kadkhoda ◽  
Ainsley Gretchen
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Anaplasma Phagocytophilum ◽  
Missed Opportunities ◽  
Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis ◽  
First Report ◽  
True Incidence ◽  
Granulocytic Anaplasmosis

AbstractHuman granulocytic anaplasmosis is currently not nationally notifiable in Canada. This for the most part accounts for gross under-estimation of true incidence and prevalence of HGA and would potentially culminate in clinical missed opportunities. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the seroprevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in a Canadian jurisdiction with known established black-legged tick populations.

scholarly journals CXCR2 Blockade Influences Anaplasma phagocytophilum Propagation but Not Histopathology in the Mouse Model of Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis

2004 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 963-968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana G. Scorpio ◽  
Mustafa Akkoyunlu ◽  
Erol Fikrig ◽  
J. Stephen Dumler
Keyword(s):  
Anaplasma Phagocytophilum ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Obligate Intracellular Bacterium ◽  
Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis ◽  
Obligate Intracellular ◽  
Liver Histopathology ◽  
Granulocytic Anaplasmosis ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACT Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular bacterium that infects neutrophils and causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis. Infection induces neutrophil secretion of interleukin-8 or murine homologs and perpetuates infection by recruiting susceptible neutrophils. We hypothesized that antibody blockade of CXCR2 would decrease A. phagocytophilum tissue load by interrupting neutrophil recruitment but would not influence murine hepatic pathology. C3H-scid mice were treated with CXCR2 antiserum or control prior to or on day 14 after infection. Quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry for A. phagocytophilum were performed and severity of liver histopathology was ranked. Control mice had more infected cells in tissues than the anti-CXCR2-treated group. The histopathological rank was not different between treated and control animals. Infected cells of control mice clustered in tissue more than in treated mice. The results support the hypothesis of bacterial propagation through chemokine induction and confirm that tissue injury is unrelated to A. phagocytophilum tissue load.

scholarly journals Sequential Analysis of Anaplasma phagocytophilum msp2 Transcription in Murine and Equine Models of Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis

2007 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 418-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana G. Scorpio ◽  
Christian Leutenegger ◽  
Jeannine Berger ◽  
Nicole Barat ◽  
John E. Madigan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anaplasma Phagocytophilum ◽  
Complete Blood Count ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Clinical Severity ◽  
Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis ◽  
High Passage ◽  
Granulocytic Anaplasmosis ◽  
Low Passage

ABSTRACT Anaplasma phagocytophilum causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis by inducing immunopathologic responses. Its immunodominant Msp2 protein is encoded by a family of >100 paralogs. Msp2 (msp2) expression modulates in the absence of immune pressure, and prolonged in vitro passage modulates in vivo virulence. Because programmed MSP2 expression occurs in Anaplasma marginale, we hypothesized a similar event in A. phagocytophilum in vivo, with specific Msp2 expression triggering immunopathologic injury or clinical manifestations of disease. We examined msp2 transcripts in 11 B6 mice and 6 horses inoculated with low- or high-passage A. phagocytophilum Webster strain. Blood was sequentially obtained through 3 weeks postinfection for msp2 reverse transcription-PCR. Horses were additionally assessed for clinical manifestations, seroconversion, complete blood count, blood chemistry, and cytokine gene transcription. In both species, there was no consistent emergence of msp2 transcripts, and all 22 msp2 variants were detected in both passage groups. Clinical severity was much higher for high-passage-infected than for low-passage-infected horses, preceded by higher levels of blood gamma interferon transcription on day 7. Antibody was first detected on day 7, and all horses seroconverted by day 22, with a trend toward lower antibody titers in low-passage-infected animals. Leukocyte and platelet counts were similar between experimental groups except on day 13, when low-passage-infected animals had more profound thrombocytopenia. These findings corroborate studies with mice, where msp2 diversity did not explain differences in hepatic histopathology, but differ from the paradigm of low-passage A. phagocytophilum causing more significant clinical illness. Alteration in transcription of msp2 has no bearing on clinical disease in horses, suggesting the existence of a separate proinflammatory component differentially expressed with changing in vitro passage.

scholarly journals Anchoring on COVID-19: A Case Report of Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis Masquerading as COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 328-331
Author(s):  
Mark Stice ◽  
Charles Bruen ◽  
Kristi Grall
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Anaplasma Phagocytophilum ◽  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Peripheral Smear ◽  
Severe Respiratory Distress ◽  
Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis ◽  
Granulocytic Anaplasmosis ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Introduction: Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) is caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum and transmitted through the deer tick. Most cases are mild and can be managed as an outpatient, but rare cases can produce severe symptoms. Case Report: A 43-year-old male presented with severe respiratory distress mimicking coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Labs and imaging were consistent with COVID-19; however, polymerase chain reaction was negative twice. Peripheral smear revealed inclusion bodies consistent with HGA. Conclusion: Human granulocytic anaplasmosis is an uncommon diagnosis and rarely causes severe disease. Recognition of unique presentations can aid in quicker diagnosis, especially when mimicking presentations frequently seen during the COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Anaplasma phagocytophilum Infection Induces Protracted Neutrophil Degranulation

2004 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 3680-3683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyoung-seong Choi ◽  
Dennis J. Grab ◽  
J. Stephen Dumler
Keyword(s):  
Anaplasma Phagocytophilum ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis ◽  
Granulocytic Anaplasmosis ◽  
Neutrophil Degranulation ◽  
Do So ◽  
Inflammatory Tissue

ABSTRACT Anaplasma phagocytophilum-infected neutrophil degranulation could exacerbate inflammation. Thus, the degranulation of infected neutrophils was assayed. Infected neutrophils expressed CD11b and CD66b, and supernatants of infected neutrophils showed more proMMP-9 and MMP-9 activity than controls and continued to do so for ≥18 h. Degranulation-related inflammatory tissue injury may account for some clinical manifestations in human granulocytic anaplasmosis.

scholarly journals Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis: First Reported Case in Canada

2009 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. e100-e102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D Parkins ◽  
Deirdre L Church ◽  
Xiu Yan Jiang ◽  
Daniel B Gregson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Anaplasma Phagocytophilum ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rickettsial Infection ◽  
Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis ◽  
Tick Activity ◽  
Granulocytic Anaplasmosis ◽  
Blood Neutrophils ◽  
Rickettsial Diseases ◽  
Elevated Transaminases

Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) is a tick-borne rickettsial infection of peripheral blood neutrophils caused byAnaplasma phagocytophilum. While this infection is increasingly recognized as endemic throughout much of the United States, no Canadian cases have been previously described, despite the agent being identified in Canadian ticks. Herein we present a case of HGA acquired in an urban Alberta centre. Canadian physicians must be aware of the possibility of tick-borne rickettsial diseases as etiology of fever in individuals presenting with leukopenia/lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia and elevated transaminases during periods of tick activity. Prompt recognition and treatment are important in minimizing resultant morbidity and mortality.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia spp. and Borrelia burgdorferi infections in horses: first report from Northern Bulgaria – Short communication

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilia Tsachev ◽  
Magdalena Baymakova ◽  
Nikola Pantchev
Keyword(s):  
Borrelia Burgdorferi ◽  
Anaplasma Phagocytophilum ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
North Central ◽  
Mean Frequency ◽  
First Report ◽  
Granulocytic Anaplasmosis ◽  
Natural Exposure

Lyme borreliosis, granulocytic anaplasmosis and monocytic ehrlichiosis are well studied in humans and dogs. In horses, these diseases are not widely investigated and limited information is available about their occurrence. The purpose of this study was to present the first ELISA-based report on the seroprevalence ofAnaplasma phagocytophilum, Ehrlichiaspp. andBorrelia burgdorferiin horses from Northern Bulgaria. A total of 192 horses were investigated from three regions in Northern Bulgaria (Northwestern, North-Central and Northeastern Bulgaria). All equine sera were tested forA. phagocytophilum, Ehrlichiaspp. andB. burgdorferiantibodies by a commercial rapid ELISA test. Antibodies againstA. phagocytophilumwere found in all the three regions at a mean frequency of 12% (23/192), ranging from 9.38 to 15.63% by region. Antibodies againstEhrlichiaspp. were found in horses from one region (Northeastern) at a rate of 0.5% (1/192). Anti-B. burgdorferiantibodies were detected in all the three regions with a mean frequency of 15.1% (29/192), ranging from 14.06 to 17.19% by region. A co-exposure toA. phagocytophilumandB. burgdorferiwas observed in 6.3% of the cases (12/192). This is the first report on the natural exposure of horses to these bacteria (A. phagocytophilum, Ehrlichiaspp. andB. burgdorferi) in Northern Bulgaria.

scholarly journals Incompetence of the Asian Longhorned Tick (Acari: Ixodidae) in Transmitting the Agent of Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis in the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael L Levin ◽  
Hannah M Stanley ◽  
Kris Hartzer ◽  
Alyssa N Snellgrove
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Anaplasma Phagocytophilum ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Haemaphysalis Longicornis ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis ◽  
Granulocytic Anaplasmosis ◽  
Vertebrate Hosts ◽  
Transstadial Transmission

Abstract The Asian longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann (Acari: Ixodidae), was recently introduced into the United States and is now established in at least 15 states. Considering its ability for parthenogenetic propagation and propensity for creating high-density populations, there is concern that this tick may become involved in transmission cycles of endemic tick-borne human pathogens. Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum is one of the more common tick-borne diseases in the United States, especially in the northeastern and midwestern states. There is considerable geographical overlap between HGA cases and the currently known distribution of H. longicornis, which creates a potential for this tick to encounter A. phagocytophilum while feeding on naturally infected vertebrate hosts. Therefore, we evaluated the ability of H. longicornis to acquire and transmit the agent of HGA under laboratory conditions and compared it to the vector competence of I. scapularis. Haemaphysalis longicornis nymphs acquired the pathogen with the bloodmeal while feeding on infected domestic goats, but transstadial transmission was inefficient and PCR-positive adult ticks were unable to transmit the pathogen to naïve goats. Results of this study indicate that the Asian longhorned tick is not likely to play a significant role in the epidemiology of HGA in the United States.

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