scholarly journals Corrigendum to: Meningovascular Syphilis Presenting as a Brain Mass in an Immunocompetent Male

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khanh Pham ◽  
Lee Gottesdiener ◽  
Matthew S Simon ◽  
Alex Trzebucki ◽  
Grace A Maldarelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Mass ◽  
Meningovascular Syphilis

scholarly journals Meningovascular syphilis presenting as a brain mass in an immunocompetent male

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khanh Pham ◽  
Lee Gottesdiener ◽  
Matthew S Simon ◽  
Alex Trzebucki ◽  
Grace A Maldarelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Treponema Pallidum ◽  
Inflammatory Lesion ◽  
Brain Biopsy ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
16S Rrna Sequencing ◽  
Brain Mass ◽  
Rrna Sequencing ◽  
Meningovascular Syphilis ◽  
Hiv Negative

Abstract We present a case of an HIV-negative man with syphilitic meningovascular disease with subjacent involvement of brain parenchyma leading to a mass-forming inflammatory lesion that was pathologically distinct from a typical gumma. Syphilis was diagnosed after tissue obtained from a brain biopsy demonstrated spirochetes consistent with Treponema pallidum and confirmed by 16S rRNA sequencing.

scholarly journals Intraventricular brain mass causing obstructive hydrocephalus: A rare location of prostate cancer metastasis

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 101024
Author(s):  
William Richardson ◽  
Praveen Satarasinghe ◽  
Min Wang ◽  
James Rose ◽  
Ramsey Ashour
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Cancer Metastasis ◽  
Obstructive Hydrocephalus ◽  
Brain Mass ◽  
Prostate Cancer Metastasis ◽  
Rare Location

scholarly journals Genome size versus geographic range size in birds

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e10868
Author(s):  
Beata Grzywacz ◽  
Piotr Skórka
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Generalized Least Squares ◽  
Geographic Range ◽  
Range Size ◽  
Geographic Ranges ◽  
Brain Mass ◽  
Terrestrial Vertebrates

Why do some species occur in small, restricted areas, while others are distributed globally? Environmental heterogeneity increases with area and so does the number of species. Hence, diverse biotic and abiotic conditions across large ranges may lead to specific adaptations that are often linked to a species’ genome size and chromosome number. Therefore, a positive association between genome size and geographic range is anticipated. Moreover, high cognitive ability in organisms would be favored by natural selection to cope with the dynamic conditions within large geographic ranges. Here, we tested these hypotheses in birds—the most mobile terrestrial vertebrates—and accounted for the effects of various confounding variables, such as body mass, relative brain mass, and geographic latitude. Using phylogenetic generalized least squares and phylogenetic confirmatory path analysis, we demonstrated that range size is positively associated with bird genome size but probably not with chromosome number. Moreover, relative brain mass had no effect on range size, whereas body mass had a possible weak and negative effect, and range size was larger at higher geographic latitudes. However, our models did not fully explain the overall variation in range size. Hence, natural selection may impose larger genomes in birds with larger geographic ranges, although there may be additional explanations for this phenomenon.

Nanoparticle-based colorimetric sensors to detect neurodegenerative disease biomarkers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingqing Fan ◽  
Yuan Gao ◽  
Federico Mazur ◽  
Rona Chandrawati
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Disease ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Brain Cells ◽  
Current Sensing ◽  
Brain Mass ◽  
Disease Biomarkers ◽  
Impaired Function ◽  
Colorimetric Sensors

Neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs) are progressive, incurable health conditions that primarily affect brain cells, and result in loss of brain mass and impaired function. Current sensing technologies for NDD detection are...

scholarly journals Generic Homo sapiens and Unique Mus musculus: Establishing the Typicality of the Modeled and the Model Species

2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 122-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara L. Finlay
Keyword(s):  
Neural Development ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Laboratory Mouse ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Human Species ◽  
Model Species ◽  
Brain Mass ◽  
Multiple Strategies ◽  
Neural Architecture

The question of how complex human abilities evolved, such as language or face recognition, has been pursued by means of multiple strategies. Highly specialized non-human species have been examined analytically for formal similarities, close phylogenetic relatives have been examined for continuity, and simpler species have been analyzed for the broadest view of functional organization. All these strategies require empirical evidence of what is variable and predictable in both the modeled and the model species. Turning to humans, allometric analyses of the evolution of brain mass and brain components often return the interesting, but disappointing answer that volumetric organization of the human brain is highly predictable seen in its phylogenetic context. Reconciling this insight with unique human behavior, or any species-typical behavior, represents a serious challenge. Allometric analyses of the order and duration of mammalian neural development show that, while basic neural development in humans is allometrically predictable, conforming to adult neural architecture, some life history features deviate, notably that weaning is unusually early. Finally, unusual deviations in the retina and central auditory system in the laboratory mouse, which is widely assumed to be “generic,” as well as severe deviations from expected brain allometry in some mouse strains, underline the need for a deeper understanding of phylogenetic variability even in those systems believed to be best understood.

Macroevolutionary trends of brain mass in Primates

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Melchionna ◽  
A Mondanaro ◽  
C Serio ◽  
S Castiglione ◽  
M Di Febbraro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Primate Evolution ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Cognitive Capacities ◽  
Brain Mass ◽  
Speciation Rate ◽  
Australopithecus Africanus ◽  
Over Time

Abstract A distinctive trait in primate evolution is the expansion in brain mass. The potential drivers of this trend and how and whether encephalization influenced diversification dynamics in this group are hotly debated. We assembled a phylogeny accounting for 317 primate species, including both extant and extinct taxa, to identify macroevolutionary trends in brain mass evolution. Our findings show that Primates as a whole follow a macroevolutionary trend for an increase in body mass, relative brain mass and speciation rate over time. Although the trend for increased encephalization (brain mass) applies to all Primates, hominins stand out for their distinctly higher rates. Within hominins, this unique trend applies linearly over time and starts with Australopithecus africanus. The increases in both speciation rate and encephalization begin in the Oligocene, suggesting the two variables are causally associated. The substitution of early, stem Primates belonging to plesiadapiforms with crown Primates seems to be responsible for these macroevolutionary trends. However, our findings also suggest that cognitive capacities favoured speciation in hominins.

scholarly journals Do Different Methods Yield Equivalent Estimations of Brain Size in Birds?

2020 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-122
Author(s):  
Diego Ocampo ◽  
César Sánchez ◽  
Gilbert Barrantes
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Brain Mass ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Evolutionary Studies ◽  
Relative Brain Size ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Endocranial Volume ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Size Estimates

The ratio of brain size to body size (relative brain size) is often used as a measure of relative investment in the brain in ecological and evolutionary studies on a wide range of animal groups. In birds, a variety of methods have been used to measure the brain size part of this ratio, including endocranial volume, fixed brain mass, and fresh brain mass. It is still unclear, however, whether these methods yield the same results. Using data obtained from fresh corpses and from published sources, this study shows that endocranial volume, mass of fixed brain tissue, and fresh mass provide equivalent estimations of brain size for 48 bird families, in 19 orders. We found, however, that the various methods yield significantly different brain size estimates for hummingbirds (Trochilidae). For hummingbirds, fixed brain mass tends to underestimate brain size due to reduced tissue density, whereas endocranial volume overestimates brain size because it includes a larger volume than that occupied by the brain.

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