Deciphering genetic diversity and inheritance of tomato fruit weight and composition through a systems biology approach

Abstract Buzz-pollinated plants require visitation from vibration producing bee species to elicit full pollen release. Several important food crops are buzz-pollinated including tomato, eggplant, kiwi, and blueberry. Although more than half of all bee species can buzz pollinate, the most commonly deployed supplemental pollinator, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae; honey bees), cannot produce vibrations to remove pollen. Here, we provide a list of buzz-pollinated food crops and discuss the extent to which they rely on pollination by vibration-producing bees. We then use the most commonly cultivated of these crops, the tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L. (Solanales: Solanaceae), as a case study to investigate the effect of different pollination treatments on aspects of fruit quality. Following a systematic review of the literature, we statistically analyzed 71 experiments from 24 studies across different geopolitical regions and conducted a meta-analysis on a subset of 21 of these experiments. Our results show that both supplemental pollination by buzz-pollinating bees and open pollination by assemblages of bees, which include buzz pollinators, significantly increase tomato fruit weight compared to a no-pollination control. In contrast, auxin treatment, artificial mechanical vibrations, or supplemental pollination by non-buzz-pollinating bees (including Apis spp.), do not significantly increase fruit weight. Finally, we compare strategies for providing bee pollination in tomato cultivation around the globe and highlight how using buzz-pollinating bees might improve tomato yield, particularly in some geographic regions. We conclude that employing native, wild buzz pollinators can deliver important economic benefits with reduced environmental risks and increased advantages for both developed and emerging economies.

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Diversity of capsaicin content, quantitative, and yield components in chili (Capsicum annuum) genotypes and their F1 hybrid

Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity ◽

10.13057/biodiv/d210555 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Zulfikar D Sahid ◽

MUHAMAD SYUKUR ◽

AWANG MAHARIJAYA

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Capsicum Annuum ◽

Block Design ◽

Genetic Material ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Yield Component ◽

Quantitative Yield ◽

F1 Hybrid ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design

Abstract. Sahid ZD, Syukur M, Maharijaya A. 2020. Genetic diversity of capsaicin content, quantitative, and yield component in chili (Capsicum annuum) and their F1 hybrid. Biodiversitas 21: 2251-2257. Chili (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the horticultural plants that have many benefits. The benefit of chili was determined by pungency level of its fruit. Pungency level of the chili is due to the capsaicin content in fruit. Information about the genetic diversity of capsaicin is still rarely available. The aims of this study were to obtain diversity information on quantitative, yield component, and capsaicin content, and to analyze the correlation among chili genotypes based on their morphological characters. This study used Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The genetic material used in this study consisted of 21 genotypes consisting of 6 genotypes of chili elders and 15 hybrid F1 genotypes resulting from their crossing. Six genotypes of the chili parents are C5, F6074, F9160291, Yuni, Bara, and Giant. 15 hybrid F1 genotypes used in this study are C5 x Bara, C5 x F6074, C5 x Yuni, C5 x Giant, C5 x F9160291, Bara x F6074, Bara x Yuni, Bara x Giant, Bara x F9160291, F6074 x Yuni, F6074 x Giant, F6074 x F9160291, Yuni x Giant, Yuni x F9160291, and Giant x F9160291. The observation was made on the variables of quantitative, yield, and capsaicin components on chili. The results showed that the highest capsaicin content only was found in Bara x F9160291. The results of scatterplot analysis showed that the highest capsaicin and yield component was found in BaraxF6074 and C5 x Yuni genotype. The results of cluster analysis showed that chili was clustered into three color groups. The character of capsaicin content is negatively correlated and very different from fruit weight, fruit diameter, fruit length, thick fruit flesh, total amount of fruit per plant, and fruit weight per plant.

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Effects of Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) on Growth, Yield, and Nutrient Status of Transplanted Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500075810 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 36 (6) ◽

pp. 775-778 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Prasanta C. Bhowmik ◽

Krishna N. Reddy

Keyword(s):

Unit Area ◽

Tomato Fruit ◽

Growth Yield ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Nutrient Status ◽

Field Studies ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Marketable Fruit

Field studies were conducted to determine the effects of various barnyardgrass populations on growth, yield, and nutrient concentration of transplanted “Jetstar’ tomato. Barnyardgrass densities at 16, 32, and 64 plants/m tomato row were tested in 1982 and 1983. Barnyardgrass shoot fresh weights/unit area increased as density increased. Fresh weight of barnyardgrass shoots ranged from 17 100 kg/ha at 16 plants/m of row to 35 500 kg/ha at 64 plants/m of row. At the vegetative stage, tomato shoot dry weight was unaffected by barnyardgrass. As crop growth progressed, tomato shoot dry weight decreased at all barnyardgrass densities. Season-long interference of barnyardgrass reduced marketable tomato fruit number and fruit weight at all densities compared to weed-free plots. Reductions in marketable fruit weight ranged from 26% to 16 plants/m row to 84% at 64 plants/m row. In 1982, concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg in tomato shoots were unaffected by season-long interference of barnyardgrass at all densities. However, in 1983, concentrations of N and K decreased and concentration of P increased in tomato leaves as the density of barnyardgrass increased. Concentrations of Ca and Mg in tomato leaves were unaltered by barnyardgrass density.

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Genome-wide association study identifies QTL for eight fruit traits in cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Horticulture Research ◽

10.1038/s41438-021-00638-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Minkyung Kim ◽

Thuy Tien Phan Nguyen ◽

Joon-Hyung Ahn ◽

Gi-Jun Kim ◽

Sung-Chur Sim

Keyword(s):

Association Study ◽

Mixed Model ◽

Genome Wide Association Study ◽

Tomato Fruit ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Genome Wide Association ◽

Data Sets ◽

Fruit Traits ◽

Crop Species ◽

Genome Wide

AbstractGenome-wide association study (GWAS) is effective in identifying favorable alleles for traits of interest with high mapping resolution in crop species. In this study, we conducted GWAS to explore quantitative trait loci (QTL) for eight fruit traits using 162 tomato accessions with diverse genetic backgrounds. The eight traits included fruit weight, fruit width, fruit height, fruit shape index, pericarp thickness, locule number, fruit firmness, and brix. Phenotypic variations of these traits in the tomato collection were evaluated with three replicates in field trials over three years. We filtered 34,550 confident SNPs from the 51 K Axiom® tomato array based on < 10% of missing data and > 5% of minor allele frequency for association analysis. The 162 tomato accessions were divided into seven clusters and their membership coefficients were used to account for population structure along with a kinship matrix. To identify marker-trait associations (MTAs), four phenotypic data sets representing each of three years and combined were independently analyzed in the multilocus mixed model (MLMM). A total of 30 significant MTAs was detected over data sets for eight fruit traits at P < 0.0005. The number of MTA per trait ranged from one (brix) to seven (fruit weight and fruit width). Two SNP markers on chromosomes 1 and 2 were significantly associated with multiple traits, suggesting pleiotropic effects of QTL. Furthermore, 16 of 30 MTAs suggest potential novel QTL for eight fruit traits. These results facilitate genetic dissection of tomato fruit traits and provide a useful resource to develop molecular tools for improving fruit traits via marker-assisted selection and genomic selection in tomato breeding programs.

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Variation of Total Soluble Protein Content in Fruit among Six Greenhouse Tomato Cultivars

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.45.11.1645 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 45 (11) ◽

pp. 1645-1648 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ryo Matsuda ◽

Chieri Kubota

Keyword(s):

Soluble Protein ◽

Tomato Fruit ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Total Soluble Protein ◽

Yield Potential ◽

Tomato Cultivar ◽

Fruit Type ◽

Plant Made Pharmaceuticals ◽

Production Platform

Tomato has been considered as a potential biological production platform for plant-made pharmaceuticals (PMPs). However, information is limited for protein productivity and dynamics in tomato fruit. As part of our PMP production project, total soluble protein (TSP) content of green and red fruits was analyzed for selected six greenhouse cultivars. The six cultivars consisted of various fruit types (including cluster, cherry, mini plum, and grape types) with sizes ranging from 10 to 150 and from 14 to 188 g fresh weight for green and red fruits, respectively. In fruit TSP content per unit dry weight (DW), approximately seven- to eightfold variation was observed among cultivars for both green and red fruits. There was no significant correlation between fruit TSP content per DW and fruit DW or fruit type over the cultivars irrespective of fruit ripening stage, indicating that fruit weight or fruit type of a cultivar cannot be an indicator of the TSP content per DW. There was also an inconsistent trend in differences in fruit TSP content per whole fruit between green and red fruit among cultivars. Our results suggest that a low-yielding cultivar can produce high TSP content per unit ground area resulting from high TSP content per DW in fruit. A background tomato cultivar or genotype candidate for commercial PMP production should thus be selected from among various fruit types considering both yield potential and fruit TSP content.

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Genetic diversity detection of seed-propagated walnut (Juglans regia L.) germplasm from Eastern Anatolia using SSR markers

Folia Horticulturae ◽

10.2478/fhort-2020-0004 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 37-46

Author(s):

Emine Orhan ◽

Sadiye Peral Eyduran ◽

Danijela Poljuha ◽

Meleksen Akin ◽

Tim Weber ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Genetic Resources ◽

Ssr Markers ◽

Phenotypic Variability ◽

Juglans Regia ◽

Molecular Data ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Morphological And Molecular Data ◽

Bud Breaking ◽

Seed Propagation

AbstractContinuous seed propagation in Turkey has given rise to a great number of seedling walnut trees which represents valuable walnut genetic resources. The number of native walnut trees is estimated to be over 5 million in Turkey and they possess large phenotypic variability in yield, nut and kernel characteristics, late bud breaking, late flowering, winter hardiness and tolerance to diseases. Progress in walnut breeding requires the exploitation of genetic variation among cultivars and landraces. In this study, we used 32 local diverse walnut genotypes obtained from seeds and 2 standard cultivars (‘Sebin’ and ‘Bilecik’). This study implemented 21 previously used simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers to determine genetic diversity. The analysis revealed 135 alleles with an average of 6.43 alleles per locus. Genetic similarity ranged from 0.23 (for samples KW22 and KW29) to 0.87 (for samples KW27 and KW28). The highest number of alleles per locus was obtained from WGA276 locus (11 alleles), followed by WGA054 (9 alleles), WGA202 and WGA321 (8 alleles) while the lowest number was detected in WGA027. According to the morphological and molecular data, the genotypes differed from each other and the cvs. Sebin and Bilecik. The majority of the genotypes had higher fruit weight and some of the genotypes had higher kernel ratio than cvs. Sebin and Bilecik implying the importance of registering genotypes as cultivars. This research provides information on the genetic relationship of walnut genotypes and cultivars and emphasises the importance of protection and utilisation of seed-propagated walnut genetic resources.

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Pengembangan Kriteria Seleksi untuk Perakitan Terung (Solanum melongena L.) Berdaya Hasil Tinggi

Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Agronomy) ◽

10.24831/jai.v45i2.13077 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 182 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Faradila Danasworo Putri ◽

Sobir , ◽

Muhamad Syukur ◽

Dan Awang Maharijaya

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Path Analysis ◽

Solanum Melongena ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Stem Length ◽

Fruit Length ◽

Experimental Field ◽

Correlation And Path Analysis ◽

Fruit Diameter ◽

Estimated Heritability

Eggplants (Solanum melongena L.) are consumed worldwide in a variety of colors, shapes and sizes, thus vegetable plant breeders place great interest in developing high yielding genotypes in response to the population growth and the need to increase vegetable production. This research was aimed to determine the proper character as selection character for breeding high yielding eggplants by using estimated heritability value, coefficient of genetic diversity, characters correlation and path analysis. The experiment was conducted during 2014 to August 2015 at Cikabayan Experimental Field, Tajur Experimental Field and Pasir Sarongge Experimental Field, IPB, West Java. A total of 12 characters was observed in the 25 genotypes. Eleven characters has a high estimated heritability value and high coefficient of genetic diversity value. Those characters were time of flowering, time of harvest, fruit length, fruit weight, fruit diameter, plant height, stem length, fruit apical scar length, calyx length, the number of fruits per plant and fruit weight per plant. Results of correlation and path analysis showed that fruit length, fruit weight, fruit diameter, stem diameter, calyx length and number of fruits per plant have a direct positive effect on fruit weight per plant. Fruit weight, fruit diameter and number of fruits per plant are suitable characters in determining the selection criteria for developing high productivity eggplant. Keywords: path analysis, correlation, heritability, genetic diversity coefficient

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Genetic diversity among landraces of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) from north east India

Bangladesh Journal of Botany ◽

10.3329/bjb.v48i3.47782 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 481-488

Author(s):

Dhiman Chakraborty ◽

Mukul Kumar ◽

Lobsang Wangchu ◽

Siddhartha Singh ◽

AK Pandey

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Seed Weight ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Fruit Yield ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Eastern Region ◽

Diversity Pattern ◽

North East ◽

100 Seed Weight ◽

Number Of Branches

Twenty eight diverse landraces collected from various parts of North Eastern Region of India along with two checks were evaluated to study the diversity pattern among the genotypes on 17 morphological traits. High magnitude of genotypic coefficients of variation (GCV) and heritability coupled with high genetic gain were observed for average fruit weight, fruit yield per plant, number of fruits per plant, fruit length, number of branches per plant, number of seeds per fruit and 100 seed weight. However, these parameters were moderate for early fruit harvest and total soluble solids (TSS). Thirty genotypes were grouped into 6 clusters which showed intercluster D2 values ranging between 115.81 and 670.08. Grouping of genotypes of same location in different clusters indicated that the geographical diversity may not necessarily be related to genetic diversity. The cumulative contribution (82.28%) of fruit weight, 100-seed weight, number of branches per plant and fruit yield per plant to the total divergence indicate the importance of these traits in choice of parents for hybridization programme in cucumber.

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Targeted Systems Biology Profiling of Tomato Fruit Reveals Coordination of the Yang Cycle and a Distinct Regulation of Ethylene Biosynthesis during Postclimacteric Ripening

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY ◽

10.1104/pp.112.206086 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 160 (3) ◽

pp. 1498-1514 ◽

Cited By ~ 60

Author(s):

Bram Van de Poel ◽

Inge Bulens ◽

Aikaterina Markoula ◽

Maarten L.A.T.M. Hertog ◽

Rozemarijn Dreesen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systems Biology ◽

Tomato Fruit ◽

Ethylene Biosynthesis

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Molecular markers detect stable genomic regions underlying tomato fruit shelf life and weight

Cropp Breeding and Applied Biotechnology ◽

10.1590/s1984-70332011000200008 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 157-164 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Guillermo Raúl Pratta ◽

Gustavo Rubén Rodriguez ◽

Roxana Zorzoli ◽

Estela Marta Valle ◽

Liliana Amelia Picardi

Keyword(s):

Shelf Life ◽

Recombinant Inbred Lines ◽

Tomato Fruit ◽

Interspecific Cross ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Wild Germplasm ◽

Year Effect ◽

Principal Effect ◽

Fruit Shelf Life ◽

Genomic Regions

Incorporating wild germplasm such as S. pimpinellifolium is an alternative strategy to prolong tomato fruit shelf life (SL) without reducing fruit quality. A set of recombinant inbred lines with discrepant values of SL and weight (FW) were derived by antagonistic-divergent selection from an interspecific cross. The general objective of this research was to evaluate Genotype x Year (GY) and Marker x Year (MY) interaction in these new genetic materials for both traits. Genotype and year principal effects and GY interaction were statistically significant for SL. Genotype and year principal effects were significant for FW but GY interaction was not. The marker principal effect was significant for SL and FW but both year principal effect and MY interaction were not significant. Though SL was highly influenced by year conditions, some genome regions appeared to maintain a stable effect across years of evaluation. Fruit weight, instead, was more independent of year effect.

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