scholarly journals How do cell walls regulate plant growth?

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (419) ◽  
pp. 2275-2285 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Stuart Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Cell Walls

scholarly journals Multiscale Models in the Biomechanics of Plant Growth

Physiology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver E. Jensen ◽  
John A. Fozard
Keyword(s):  
Plant Physiology ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Adherent Cells ◽  
Multiscale Models ◽  
Multiple Cell

Plant growth occurs through the coordinated expansion of tightly adherent cells, driven by regulated softening of cell walls. It is an intrinsically multiscale process, with the integrated properties of multiple cell walls shaping the whole tissue. Multiscale models encode physical relationships to bring new understanding to plant physiology and development.

scholarly journals Uptake of Potassium and Sodium by Seedlings of Sinapis Alba

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 257 ◽  
Author(s):  
MG Pitman
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
General Model ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Sinapis Alba ◽  
Anion Transport ◽  
Sodium Uptake ◽  
Lower Ratio ◽  
Total Potassium ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Active Anion

Seedlings of Sinapis alba (mustard) have a lower potassium selectivity than those of barley, as shown by the lower ratio of potassium to sodium in the shoots of plants grown on the same solution. The ratio in the shoots is usually lower than in the roots, whereas in barley it is higher. In spite of this difference in selectivity, the uptake of potassium and sodium by mustard has much in common with that by barley. The total potassium and sodium uptake to the shoot is independent of the ratio in the solution; the ratio of potassium to sodium in the shoot is proportional to that in the roots, but not to that in solution; and potassium selectivity can be reduced by transpiration. Thus it appears that the same general model for ion uptake can be used for both plants, although they have different levels of selectivity. In this model it is suggested that total potassium and sodium uptake is controlled by an active anion transport coupled with plant growth by means of metabolism, but selectivity is determined during movement of ions into the stele through cytoplasm and cell walls.

scholarly journals Plant cell wall integrity maintenance and pattern-triggered immunity modulate jointly plant stress responses in Arabidopsis thaliana

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Engelsdorf ◽  
Nora Gigli-Bisceglia ◽  
Manikandan Veerabagu ◽  
Joseph F. McKenna ◽  
Frauke Augstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Wall Integrity ◽  
Maintenance Mechanism ◽  
Signaling Components

AbstractPlant cells are surrounded by walls, which must often meet opposing functional requirements during plant growth and defense. The cells meet them by modifying wall structure and composition in a tightly controlled and adaptive manner. The modifications seem to be mediated by a dedicated cell wall integrity (CWI) maintenance mechanism. Currently the mode of action of the mechanism is not understood and it is unclear how its activity is coordinated with established plant defense signaling. We investigated responses to induced cell wall damage (CWD) impairing CWI and the underlying mechanism in Arabidopsis thaliana. Interestingly inhibitor- and enzyme-derived CWD induced similar, turgor-sensitive stress responses. Genetic analysis showed that the receptor-like kinase (RLK) FEI2 and the mechano-sensitive, plasma membrane-localized Ca2+- channel MCA1 function downstream of the THE1 RLK in CWD perception. Phenotypic clustering with 27 genotypes identified a core group of RLKs and ion channels, required for activation of CWD responses. By contrast, the responses were repressed by pattern-triggered immune (PTI) signaling components including PEPR1 and 2, the receptors for the immune signaling peptide AtPep1. Interestingly AtPep1 application repressed CWD-induced phytohormone accumulation in a PEPR1/2-dependent manner. These results suggest that PTI suppresses CWD-induced defense responses through elicitor peptide-mediated signaling during defense response activation. If PTI is impaired, the suppression of CWD-induced responses is alleviated, thus compensating for defective PTI.Significance statementStress resistance and plant growth determine food crop yield and efficiency of bioenergy production from ligno-cellulosic biomass. Plant cell walls are essential elements of the biological processes, therefore functional integrity of the cell walls must be maintained throughout. Here we investigate the plant cell wall integrity maintenance mechanism. We characterize its mode of action, identify essential signaling components and show that the AtPep1 signaling peptide apparently coordinates pattern triggered immunity (PTI) and cell wall integrity maintenance in plants. These results suggest how PTI and cell wall modification coordinately regulate biotic stress responses with plants possibly compensating for PTI impairment through enhanced activation of stress responses regulated by the CWI maintenance mechanism.

scholarly journals Seaweed effects on plant growth and environmental remediation: a review

2021 ◽  
pp. 122-129
Author(s):  
Umar Aliyu Abdullahi ◽  
Mohammad Moneruzzaman Khandaker ◽  
Nadiawati Alias ◽  
Elyni Mat Shaari ◽  
Md. Amirul Alam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Toxic Metals ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Environmental Remediation ◽  
Alginic Acid ◽  
Soil Restoration ◽  
Soil Protection ◽  
Inorganic Elements ◽  
Agriculture And Environment

Seaweeds are plants found in sea that have tremendous applications in the fields of agriculture and environment. It comprises of three giant classes with a large number of different species. their ability to adopt to various conditions qualifies them more applicable to various environmental and agricultural arena. Agriculturally, both three classes Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta and Chlorophyta, have significant roles in promoting plant growth and productivity and soil protection as well as reclamation with class Phaeophyta has highest contribution due to its alginic acid content and other multifaceted components that are higher followed by Rhodophyta and Chlorophyta. Seaweed (living or dead biomass) has ability to phycoremediate environment against heavy toxic metals and lessen the excessiveness of non-metal inorganic elements via physisorption, chemisorption with the aid of binding sites provided by proteins and carbohydrates functional groups existing in their cell walls and secretion of organic acids and intracellular transformation and accumulation. Seaweed is an important factor in environmental remediation and soil restoration processes.

High resolution measurement of plant growth

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 959-969 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Penny ◽  
Pauline Penny ◽  
D. C. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Computer Calculation ◽  
Recording Equipment ◽  
High Resolution Measurement ◽  
Resolution Measurement ◽  
On Line ◽  
Displacement Transducers

The use of displacement transducers coupled with suitable recording equipment is described for high resolution (0.1 µm) automatic measurements of plant growth. Systems are described for measurements on intact seedlings or isolated sections and for measuring mechanical properties of cell walls. The equipment can be used simultaneously for several channels and is suitable for on-line computer calculation and plotting of results. Examples of typical results are given for the different applications.

scholarly journals A Group of O-Acetyltransferases Catalyze Xyloglucan Backbone Acetylation and Can Alter Xyloglucan Xylosylation Pattern and Plant Growth When Expressed in Arabidopsis

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 1064-1079
Author(s):  
Ruiqin Zhong ◽  
Dongtao Cui ◽  
Dennis R Phillips ◽  
Elizabeth A Richardson ◽  
Zheng-Hua Ye
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Recombinant Proteins ◽  
Cell Expansion ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Biochemical Mechanism ◽  
Wall Function ◽  
Severe Reduction

Abstract Xyloglucan is a major hemicellulose in plant cell walls and exists in two distinct types, XXXG and XXGG. While the XXXG-type xyloglucan from dicot species only contains O-acetyl groups on side-chain galactose (Gal) residues, the XXGG-type xyloglucan from Poaceae (grasses) and Solanaceae bears O-acetyl groups on backbone glucosyl (Glc) residues. Although O-acetyltransferases responsible for xyloglucan Gal acetylation have been characterized, the biochemical mechanism underlying xyloglucan backbone acetylation remains to be elucidated. In this study, we showed that recombinant proteins of a group of DUF231 members from rice and tomato were capable of transferring acetyl groups onto O-6 of Glc residues in cello-oligomer acceptors, indicating that they are xyloglucan backbone 6-O-acetyltransferases (XyBATs). We further demonstrated that XyBAT-acetylated cellohexaose oligomers could be readily xylosylated by AtXXT1 (Arabidopsis xyloglucan xylosyltransferase 1) to generate acetylated, xylosylated cello-oligomers, whereas AtXXT1-xylosylated cellohexaose oligomers were much less effectively acetylated by XyBATs. Heterologous expression of a rice XyBAT in Arabidopsis led to a severe reduction in cell expansion and plant growth and a drastic alteration in xyloglucan xylosylation pattern with the formation of acetylated XXGG-type units, including XGG, XGGG, XXGG, XXGG,XXGGG and XXGGG (G denotes acetylated Glc). In addition, recombinant proteins of two Arabidopsis XyBAT homologs also exhibited O-acetyltransferase activity toward cellohexaose, suggesting their possible role in mediating xyloglucan backbone acetylation in vivo. Our findings provide new insights into the biochemical mechanism underlying xyloglucan backbone acetylation and indicate the importance of maintaining the regular xyloglucan xylosylation pattern in cell wall function.

scholarly journals Assessment of Primary Cell Wall Nanomechanical Properties in Internal Cells of Non-Fixed Maize Roots

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liudmila Kozlova ◽  
Anna Petrova ◽  
Boris Ananchenko ◽  
Tatyana Gorshkova
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Maize Root ◽  
Primary Cell ◽  
Primary Cell Wall ◽  
Tissue Cell ◽  
Nanomechanical Properties ◽  
Wall Stiffness

The mechanical properties of cell walls play a vital role in plant development. Atomic-force microscopy (AFM) is widely used for characterization of these properties. However, only surface or isolated plant cells have been used for such investigations, at least as non-embedded samples. Theories that claim a restrictive role of a particular tissue in plant growth cannot be confirmed without direct measurement of the mechanical properties of internal tissue cell walls. Here we report an approach of assessing the nanomechanical properties of primary cell walls in the inner tissues of growing plant organs. The procedure does not include fixation, resin-embedding or drying of plant material. Vibratome-derived longitudinal and transverse sections of maize root were investigated by AFM in a liquid cell to track the changes of cell wall stiffness and elasticity accompanying elongation growth. Apparent Young’s modulus values and stiffness of stele periclinal cell walls in the elongation zone of maize root were lower than in the meristem, i.e., cell walls became more elastic and less resistant to an applied force during their elongation. The trend was confirmed using either a sharp or spherical probe. The availability of such a method may promote our understanding of individual tissue roles in the plant growth processes.

scholarly journals Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials as Plant Biostimulants

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Juárez-Maldonado ◽  
Hortensia Ortega-Ortíz ◽  
América Berenice Morales-Díaz ◽  
Susana González-Morales ◽  
Álvaro Morelos-Moreno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Small Volume ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
High Density ◽  
Surface Charges ◽  
Electrical Potentials ◽  
Transmembrane Electrical Potential ◽  
Integral Proteins

Biostimulants are materials that when applied in small amounts are capable of promoting plant growth. Nanoparticles (NPs) and nanomaterials (NMs) can be considered as biostimulants since, in specific ranges of concentration, generally in small levels, they increase the plant growth. Pristine NPs and NMS have a high density of surface charges capable of unspecific interactions with the surface charges of the cell walls and membranes of plant cells. In the same way, the functionalized NPs and NMS, and the NPs and NMs with a corona formed after the exposition to natural fluids such as water, soil solution, or the interior of organisms, presents a high density of surface charges that interact with specific charged groups in cell surfaces. The magnitude of the interaction will depend on the materials adhered to the corona, but the high-density charges located in a small volume causes an intense interaction capable of disturbing the density of surface charges of cell walls and membranes. The electrostatic disturbance can have an impact on the electrical potentials of the outer and inner surfaces, as well as on the transmembrane electrical potential, modifying the activity of the integral proteins of the membranes. The extension of the cellular response can range from biostimulation to cell death and will depend on the concentration, size, and the characteristics of the corona.

scholarly journals Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials as Plant Biostimulants

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Juárez-Maldonado ◽  
Hortensia Ortega-Ortíz ◽  
América Berenice Morales-Díaz ◽  
Susana González-Morales ◽  
Álvaro Morelos-Moreno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Small Volume ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
High Density ◽  
Surface Charges ◽  
Electrical Potentials ◽  
Transmembrane Electrical Potential ◽  
Integral Proteins

Biostimulants are materials that when applied in small amounts are capable of promoting plant growth. Nanoparticles (NPs) and nanomaterials (NMs) can be considered as biostimulants since, in specific ranges of concentration, generally in small levels, they increase plant growth. Pristine NPs and NMs have a high density of surface charges capable of unspecific interactions with the surface charges of the cell walls and membranes of plant cells. In the same way, functionalized NPs and NMs, and the NPs and NMs with a corona formed after the exposition to natural fluids such as water, soil solution, or the interior of organisms, present a high density of surface charges that interact with specific charged groups in cell surfaces. The magnitude of the interaction will depend on the materials adhered to the corona, but high-density charges located in a small volume cause an intense interaction capable of disturbing the density of surface charges of cell walls and membranes. The electrostatic disturbance can have an impact on the electrical potentials of the outer and inner surfaces, as well as on the transmembrane electrical potential, modifying the activity of the integral proteins of the membranes. The extension of the cellular response can range from biostimulation to cell death and will depend on the concentration, size, and the characteristics of the corona.

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