A Puzzling Silence: James 2:24 Before the Reformation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher R Mooney
Keyword(s):  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Reception History ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Subsequent Increase ◽  
Good Works ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Glossa Ordinaria ◽  
John Wyclif

Abstract Since the Reformation, James 2:24, ‘justified by works and not by faith alone’, has been the source of special controversy within an already contested epistle. But in the patristic and medieval period it was almost entirely unemployed and ignored, despite the widespread use, both approvingly and critically, of the expression sola fide. This article offers a pre-Reformation reception history of James 2:24. It begins with Origen and Augustine’s broader interpretation of James 2, then turns to the key pre-Reformation references to James: the earliest references (fifth–seventh century), Bede the Venerable (eighth), the Glossa Ordinaria (twelfth), Nicholas of Gorran (thirteenth), John Wyclif and Ps-Jan Hus (fourteenth), and Dionysius the Carthusian (fifteenth). Surprisingly, James 2:24 is at times explicitly harmonized with the expression sola fide, and only rarely used to critique it, because most read the Vulgate’s language in James 2:24 (non ex fide tantum) to refer solely to the need for later good works. At the same time, ‘justified by works’ was generally interpreted as referring to a confirmation or manifestation of justification until the scholastic period, when we find the earliest instances of interpreting ‘justified by works’ as a further justification. These results provide a theologically rich historical perspective on the reception of James 2:24 with respect to the development of sola fide and the scholastic interpretation of ‘justified by works’ as a subsequent increase in justification.

scholarly journals Historical perspective of neurology in Iran

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shri Kant-Mishra ◽  
Hadi Mohammad Khanli ◽  
Golnoush Akhlaghipour ◽  
Ghazaleh Ahmadi Jazi ◽  
Shaweta Khosa1
Keyword(s):  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Neurologic Diseases ◽  
The Past ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Modern Era

Iran is an ancient country, known as the cradle of civilization. The history of medicine in Iran goes back to the existence of a human in this country, divided into three periods: pre-Islamic, medieval, and modern period. There are records of different neurologic terms from the early period, while Zoroastrian (religious) prescription was mainly used until the foundation of the first medical center (Gondishapur). In the medieval period, with the conquest of Islam, prominent scientists were taught in Baghdad, like Avicenna, who referred to different neurologic diseases including stroke, paralysis, tremor, and meningitis. Several outstanding scientists developed the medical science of neurology in Iran, the work of whom has been used by other countries in the past and present. In the modern era, the Iranian Neurological Association was established with the efforts of Professor Jalal Barimani in 1991.

The Classical Sources of Evangelical Devotion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Bruce Hindmarsh
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Reception History ◽  
Church History ◽  
Early Church ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Imitation Of Christ ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Catholic Tradition ◽  
Devotional Reading

For all its seeming newness, evangelicalism revived ancient ideals. Evangelical use of Scripture was especially similar to ancient patterns of devotional reading. Moreover, evangelicals routinely appealed to confessional formularies (Anglican and Reformed) and creedal standards, and to precedents in church history from the Puritans, the Reformation, and beyond, stretching back to the early church. Evangelicals’ concern for true religion meant that they were also able to assimilate spiritually edifying sources from the Catholic tradition and from the Middle Ages. The reception history of Henry Scougal’s Life of God in the Soul of Man and Thomas à‎ Kempis’s Imitation of Christ illustrate a process of simplification, naturalization, and democratization of mystical and ascetical ideals. The libraries, book lists, and church histories of evangelicals further illustrate a wide range of sources, critical to evangelical spiritual life and identity.

Four Editions, Four Faces, One Book: Printing the Shulan Arukh in Amsterdam, 1661-1708

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-70
Author(s):  
Elad Schlesinger
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Life ◽  
Reception History ◽  
Rabbinic Literature ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Legal Code ◽  
Book Printing ◽  
Four Books ◽  
History Of ◽  
Editorial Decisions

Abstract This article is a study of the reception history of the most influential Jewish legal code of the post-medieval period, Joseph Karo’s Shulan Arukh. The article examines four books printed in Amsterdam between 1661-1708, each of which consist of an edition or adaptation of the Shulan Arukh. After a historical précis of each of these, the article shows, firstly, how each represents a different understanding of the character and pedagogical and legal purpose of the Shulan Arukh, and secondly, how each of these publications reflects editorial decisions shaped by different anticipated readerships. The article then reflects on the way these editions relate to the socio-cultural contexts of Amsterdam in this period. The history of these four publications, the article concludes, helps us understand the remarkable success of Shulan Arukh as both a manual to practical Jewish life and a key to the vast library of rabbinic literature.

Autobiography and the History of Reading

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Cummings
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
History Of Reading ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Human Subjectivity ◽  
Late Medieval Period ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

Autobiography as a concept asks deep questions about the periodization of history. It is also a scene of persistent rivalry in the construction of medieval and Renaissance models of history. Since Jakob Burckhardt’sDie Kultur der Renaissance in Italienof 1860, there has been a war of ownership over the rise of human subjectivity. This article examines the debate over the history of autobiography by focusing on St. Augustine and hisConfessions. It considers the exposure of theConfessionsto different kinds of reading during the late medieval period, including that by Petrarch. It argues that theConfessionshas been read more extensively in the twentieth century than ever before and that the Augustine of the “invention of subjectivity” is a writer of a specifically twentieth-century imagination. In this way it also assesses the impact of the Reformation on theConfessions.

scholarly journals Ambiguous Memories of the Reformation: The Case of Norway

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-303
Author(s):  
Tarald Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
History Writing ◽  
The West ◽  
The People ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Church

AbstractThe Reformation came to Norway along with Danish annexation of political and ecclesiastical power. For this reason, Norwegian history writing seldom appreciated the history of the Norwegian Reformation, and preferred to look further back to the history of the Middle Ages in search of national, as well as religious, roots of Norwegian Christianity. This was already the case in late sixteenth and early seventeenth century Norwegian historical writing. In nineteenth century historical research, the strategy was underpinned by focussing on the medieval period of Christianization: Norwegian Christianity was imported from the West, from England. Here, the Pope was not at all important. Instead, some key Reformation values were addressed in a kind of “proto-Reformation” in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. The King was the ruler of the church; native, Old Norse language was used and promoted; and the people (strongly) identified themselves with their religion.

6. Galatians through history

2021 ◽  
pp. 64-76
Author(s):  
John Riches
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
Reception History ◽  
Central Issue ◽  
John Bunyan ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich

‘Galatians through history’ studies the rich reception history of Paul’s letter to the Galatians, which is one of the shorter works in the Bible. At the turn of the 4th century, it helped shape the new worlds which would emerge as the Roman Empire embraced Christianity. At the Reformation, it was one of the central texts for Martin Luther. Luther’s commentary was a key text for John Bunyan and for the Wesleys. It is important to look at how Paul deals in his letter with the central issue of Law observance and consider how later interpreters of his letter used his ideas and images to shape the life of the Churches in their very different situations.

scholarly journals The Reception History of the Dutch Statenbijbel in Hungary in the 17th Century

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-83
Author(s):  
Péter Eredics
Keyword(s):  
Theological Education ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Reception History ◽  
Cultural Relations ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Working Out

In the middle of the 16th century, the Reformation gained ground in Hungary, and would-be Protestant ministers sought theological education in Western Europe, as there was no Calvinist university in their homeland. Unfortunately, translations from Dutch to Hungarian in the Early Modern Period have not received the attention they deserve, given their undoubted importance. This article summarises a project for researching the exegetical coomentaries of István Szathmári Ötvös (d. 1655), whose Titkok jelenese, Avagy, Sz. Janos Apostol Mennyei-Latasa. Roevid magyarázo jedzésekkel edgyuett (Secret Signs, or Visions of St John the Apostle) was published posthumously in 1668 in Szeben (now Sibiu in Romania). The author examines the part that Ötvös and his work played in the cultural relations between Hungary and the Republic of the United Provinces in the 17th century. By working out which source underlies the book, and comparing the texts of the original and the Hungarian version, we will hopefully understand which translation method(s), philological precision, and freedom in revision were employed by Szathmári Ötvös.

Economic Views of L. Trotsky

2004 ◽  
pp. 142-157
Author(s):  
M. Voeikov ◽  
S. Dzarasov
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Russian Revolution ◽  
Russian History ◽  
History Of

The paper written in the light of 125th birth anniversary of L. Trotsky analyzes the life and ideas of one of the most prominent figures in the Russian history of the 20th century. He was one of the leaders of the Russian revolution in its Bolshevik period, worked with V. Lenin and played a significant role in the Civil War. Rejected by the party bureaucracy L. Trotsky led uncompromising struggle against Stalinism, defending his own understanding of the revolutionary ideals. The authors try to explain these events in historical perspective, avoiding biases of both Stalinism and anticommunism.

‘The Stuff of Slow Constitution’: Reading Down Syndrome for Race, Disability, and the Timing that Makes Them So

Somatechnics ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mel Y. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Trisomy 21 ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Early History ◽  
Present Moment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Living Being

In this paper I would like to bring into historical perspective the interrelation of several notions such as race and disability, which at the present moment seem to risk, especially in the fixing language of diversity, being institutionalised as orthogonal in nature to one another rather than co-constitutive. I bring these notions into historical clarity primarily through the early history of what is today known as Down Syndrome or Trisomy 21, but in 1866 was given the name ‘mongoloid idiocy’ by English physician John Langdon Down. In order to examine the complexity of these notions, I explore the idea of ‘slow’ populations in development, the idea of a material(ist) constitution of a living being, the ‘fit’ or aptness of environmental biochemistries broadly construed, and, finally, the germinal interarticulation of race and disability – an ensemble that continues to commutatively enflesh each of these notions in their turn.

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