Dangers that Lurk in a Kiss: Quarantining the American Mouth, 1890–1920

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter C Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Progressive Era ◽  
Human Sexuality ◽  
Spatial Separation ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Individual Autonomy ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Public Health Officials ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Affluent women, with the inconsistent support of some medical experts, led an early twentieth-century push to stop the practice of kissing. Imogene Rechtin of Cincinnati and likeminded activists argued that all forms of kissing spread harmful bacteria. The anti-kissing campaign was part of a larger effort to impose stricter discipline over the mouth, which thanks to recent advances in bacteriology had been identified as a dangerous vector of disease. Shaped by the Progressive Era inclination to solve problems through strategies of spatial separation, the effort to “quarantine” the American mouth involved disrupting social practices such as sharing the communion chalice and using a common cup at drinking fountains. The anti-kissing movement also attempted to protect women from unsolicited social kisses from other women and uninvited erotic kisses by men. Though public health officials strongly supported other mouth reforms, they opposed the anti-kissing campaign, largely on the nonmedical grounds that it was an impossible rejection of human sexuality. Then as now, public health arguments over mouth practices have been shaped by deeper battles over individual autonomy and the obligations of the individual to society.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Mary Augusta Brazelton
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Health Campaigns ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Mass Immunization ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Concepts Of Disease ◽  
The Individual ◽  
A Site

This introductory chapter provides a background of how mass immunization programs made vaccination a cornerstone of Chinese public health and China a site of consummate biopower, or power over life. Over the twentieth century, through processes of increasing force, vaccines became medical technologies of governance that bound together the individual and the collective, authorities and citizens, and experts and the uneducated. These programs did not just transform public health in China—they helped shape the history of global health. The material and administrative systems of mass immunization on which these health campaigns relied had a longer history than the People's Republic of China itself. The Chinese Communist Party championed as its own invention and dramatically expanded immunization systems that largely predated 1949 and had originated with public health programs developed in southwestern China during the Second Sino-Japanese War from 1937 to 1945. The nationwide implementation of these systems in the 1950s relied on transformations in research, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and concepts of disease that had begun in the first decades of the twentieth century. These processes spanned multiple regime changes, decades of war, and diverse forms of foreign intervention. Most important, they brought with them new ideas about what it meant to be a citizen of China.

scholarly journals Ewolucja czy rewolucja? Przemiany rodziny na ziemiach polskich w pierwszej połowie XX wieku. Wybrane aspekty

2020 ◽  
Vol 147 (4) ◽  
pp. 823-837
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Sierakowska
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Individual Autonomy ◽  
Parental Roles ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Individual

Evolution or revolution? Transformations of family in the Polish lands in the first half of the twentieth century: Selected aspects The text focuses on select issues related to the transformation of the family in the first half of the twentieth century, such as: changes regarding marital choices and relationships between spouses, changes in the scope of parental roles and the processes of individualization and individual autonomy in the family. It tries to answer the questions about the dynamics of these processes in different social milieus and to indicate factors that accelerated and delayed them. The analysis of the sources and literature concerning family lives does not allow for an unambiguous assessment of the rapidity and range of changes taking place in families. Nevertheless, it exposes the diversity of models existing in family life and shows that it depends on such elements as social environment, gender, idiosyncratic features of the individual, to the same extent as it does on the rate of change.

Income, Public Works, and Mortality in Early Twentieth-Century American Cities

1985 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Celeste Gaspari ◽  
Arthur G. Woolf
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Water Filtration ◽  
Public Health Officials ◽  
American Cities ◽  
Sewage Systems

Mortality differentials for 122 cities in the United States in 1910 are examined with specific attention given to the influence of public works projects. Sewage systems are found to have significantly reduced mortality, while water filtration systems had no impact. This runs counter to the theories and beliefs of many public health officials and sanitary engineers of the era. Other factors, including the racial and immigrant composition of the population, urban density, number of physicians, and the standard of living, are also examined.

Common Laborers? Industrial Pluralists, Legal Realists, and the Law of Industrial Disputes, 1915–1943

1993 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Ernst
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
William James ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Legal Thought ◽  
Standards Of Conduct ◽  
Industrial Disputes ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Developing Society

At the turn of the twentieth century, when highbrow political thinkers rebelled against the consensual epistemology and ethics of the Victorians, when they argued, as William James did, that “neither the whole of truth nor the whole of good is revealed to any single observer,” when they declared themselves to be living in “a world where truth and justice are to be carved from culture rather than found already etched in reason,” they created an unprecedented problem in liberal political and legal thought. Previous thinkers could take the individual as the fundamental political unit and attribute to “him” a capacity for knowing and doing right that “he” shared with all God's children (as “commonsense” moral philosophy held) or all participants in a consensual, organically developing society (as historicist scholarship had it). Armed with such premises, they could confidently judge diverse social practices against universal standards of conduct.

scholarly journals Etica e Sanità Pubblica: massimizzare la relazione

2015 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimiliano Colucci
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Ethical Framework ◽  
Individual Autonomy ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

A causa del maggior sviluppo della bioetica negli ambiti della clinica e della sperimentazione biomedica, e per la difficoltà di definire la stessa sanità pubblica, quest’ultima manca ancora di un quadro etico di riferimento. Dopo un breve profilo storico e semantico, si esamina perciò l’antitesi, in letteratura, tra bioetica ed etica di sanità pubblica. Quindi si rileggono e sfatano le tre principali dicotomie su cui viene costruita tale antitesi – pazienti vs. assistiti, individuo vs. popolazione, paternalismo vs. autonomia. Si può affermare che la salute individuale e la salute collettiva sono fini simultanei e inseparabili degli interventi di sanità pubblica. Inoltre, l’autonomia relazionale è l’unica alternativa all’autonomia d’impronta liberale. L’autonomia individuale, infatti, si sviluppa attraverso l’influenza di legami umani e la giustizia sociale. La relazione – come capacità di promuovere la partecipazione e di mantenere la fiducia – è la sostanza della sanità pubblica, e fonte assiologica della sua etica. È cioé il primo valore e il principale criterio per indirizzare gli interventi di sanità pubblica, che saranno tanto più etici quanto più saranno in grado di massimizzare la relazione nel contesto in cui vengono attuati. ---------- Owing to a greater development of bioethics in the fields of clinical medicine and biomedical research, and because of the difficulty to define the public health itself, the latter still lacks an ethical framework. Therefore, after a brief historical and semantic outline, we examine the antithesis, as proposed in the literature, between bioethics and public health ethics. Then, we reread and debunk the three main dichotomies on which such an antithesis is built – patients vs. healthcare users, individual vs. population, paternalism vs. autonomy. We may state that the individual health and the collective health are simultaneous and inseparable purposes of public health interventions. Moreover, the relational autonomy it is the only alternative to the liberal-shaped autonomy. Indeed, the individual autonomy develops through the influence of human bonds and the social justice. The relationship – as the capability to promote the engagement and to maintain trust – is the substance of public health, and the axiological source of its ethics. In other words, it is the first value and the main criterion to address public health interventions; these will be ethical as much as they will be able to maximize the relationship in the context of their fulfilment.

Toxic Purity: The Progressive Era Origins of America' s Lead Paint Poisoning Epidemic

1999 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 705-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Warren
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Built Environment ◽  
Progressive Era ◽  
Industry Standards ◽  
Lead Paint ◽  
History Of ◽  
Paint Industry ◽  
Definition Of

This paper examines a pivotal moment in the history of the built environment in America. At the beginning of the twentieth century, factions within the American paint industry fought in state and federal legislatures over the definition of paint: What was pure paint? Were new paint formulations to be encouraged, or labeled “adulterated”? Was the known toxicity of lead to be a consideration? Despite some opponents' recourse to a rhetoric of toxicity and public health, all sides agreed that the best paints contained a significant quantity of lead, and that government should stay out of setting industry standards. This accord all but assured that Americans would apply tons of lead paint on the walls of their homes.

Can a Marketing Campaign be used to Achieve Public Policy Goals?

1996 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell W. Jones ◽  
Carolyn Marshall ◽  
Thomas P. Bergman
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
Marketing Campaign ◽  
Immunization Rates ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
Public Health Officials ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Unique Part

It is the policy of the United States as a whole as well as the individual states themselves that children receive the appropriate immunizations at the proper ages. Public health officials in Oklahoma used a marketing campaign to increase the likelihood that parents would have their children immunized by age two. The Due By Two campaign, spearheaded by the Oklahoma's first lady, Rhonda Walters, was a unique part of a nationwide effort aimed at increasing childhood immunization rates. The authors examine the results achieved and the cost involved in the Oklahoma campaign.

scholarly journals Improving vaccine registries through mobile technologies: a vision for mobile enhanced Immunization information systems

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kumanan Wilson ◽  
Katherine M. Atkinson ◽  
Shelley L. Deeks ◽  
Natasha S. Crowcroft
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Information Systems ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Data Access ◽  
Mobile Technologies ◽  
Adoption Of Technology ◽  
Multiple Products ◽  
Bidirectional Communication ◽  
Public Health Officials ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Immunization registries or information systems are critical to improving the quality and evaluating the ongoing success of immunization programs. However, the completeness of these systems is challenged by a myriad of factors including the fragmentation of vaccine administration, increasing mobility of individuals, new vaccine development, use of multiple products, and increasingly frequent changes in recommendations. Mobile technologies could offer a solution, which mitigates some of these challenges. Engaging individuals to have more control of their own immunization information using their mobile devices could improve the timeliness and accuracy of data in central immunization information systems. Other opportunities presented by mobile technologies that could be exploited to improve immunization information systems include mobile reporting of adverse events following immunization, the capacity to scan 2D barcodes, and enabling bidirectional communication between individuals and public health officials. Challenges to utilizing mobile solutions include ensuring privacy of data, access, and equity concerns, obtaining consent and ensuring adoption of technology at sufficiently high rates. By empowering individuals with their own health information, mobile technologies can also serve as a mechanism to transfer immunization information as individuals cross local, regional, and national borders. Ultimately, mobile enhanced immunization information systems can help realize the goal of the individual, the healthcare provider, and public health officials always having access to the same immunization information.

scholarly journals HYGIENIC PERIODICALS AND THE SHAPING OF DISCOURSE OF PUBLIC HEALTH IN LVIV AT THE BEGINNING OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

2018 ◽  
pp. 136-161
Author(s):  
Vira Trach
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
National Development ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Political Ideas ◽  
Concept Of Health ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Almost All

During the nineteenth century socio-political and economic transformations, as well as scientific discoveries, changed views on health and its value. Also,the concept of public health, which was no longer concentrated on the individual but on a group of people, was included in the sphere of interest of thebroader strata of society in the Central and Eastern Europe. The hygienic movement occupied an important modernizing segment in a wide range ofsocial movement and had an influence on changes in urban space during the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries. Cleanliness and health became signsof modern city and civilization.More noticeable public interest to hygienic ideas in Lviv emerged in the late nineteenth-early twentieth century. One of the manifestations of this was the emergence of hygienic periodicals that focused on issues of public health issues, and especially hygiene, covered almost all areas of everyday life – hygieneof clothing, nutrition, school an urban hygiene etc. At the first time, such journal was published in Lviv during 1872. Four periodicals dedicated to hygiene were published in the city in the period between 1902 and 1914. The publishing of all these periodicals was a non-profit enterprise, and editors were constantly looking for financial resources to ensure their existence.In the first place, the initiative of publishing belonged to Ukrainian and Polish doctors. Lviv hygienic periodicals were published in Polish and Ukrainian and were addressed to the respective national communities. They discussed the same issues, spread the same ideas, but focused mostly on Polish or Ukrainian readers, reflected the socio-political ideas of that time and integrated the concept of health into the competitive ideas of national development.

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