scholarly journals Public Health: The Development of a Discipline. Volume 1: From the Age of Hippocrates to the Progressive Era * Public Health: The Development of a Discipline. Volume 2: Twentieth-Century Challenges

2012 ◽  
Vol 176 (6) ◽  
pp. 562-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Morabia
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Progressive Era

Toxic Purity: The Progressive Era Origins of America' s Lead Paint Poisoning Epidemic

1999 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 705-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Warren
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Built Environment ◽  
Progressive Era ◽  
Industry Standards ◽  
Lead Paint ◽  
History Of ◽  
Paint Industry ◽  
Definition Of

This paper examines a pivotal moment in the history of the built environment in America. At the beginning of the twentieth century, factions within the American paint industry fought in state and federal legislatures over the definition of paint: What was pure paint? Were new paint formulations to be encouraged, or labeled “adulterated”? Was the known toxicity of lead to be a consideration? Despite some opponents' recourse to a rhetoric of toxicity and public health, all sides agreed that the best paints contained a significant quantity of lead, and that government should stay out of setting industry standards. This accord all but assured that Americans would apply tons of lead paint on the walls of their homes.

Dangers that Lurk in a Kiss: Quarantining the American Mouth, 1890–1920

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter C Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Progressive Era ◽  
Human Sexuality ◽  
Spatial Separation ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Individual Autonomy ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Public Health Officials ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Affluent women, with the inconsistent support of some medical experts, led an early twentieth-century push to stop the practice of kissing. Imogene Rechtin of Cincinnati and likeminded activists argued that all forms of kissing spread harmful bacteria. The anti-kissing campaign was part of a larger effort to impose stricter discipline over the mouth, which thanks to recent advances in bacteriology had been identified as a dangerous vector of disease. Shaped by the Progressive Era inclination to solve problems through strategies of spatial separation, the effort to “quarantine” the American mouth involved disrupting social practices such as sharing the communion chalice and using a common cup at drinking fountains. The anti-kissing movement also attempted to protect women from unsolicited social kisses from other women and uninvited erotic kisses by men. Though public health officials strongly supported other mouth reforms, they opposed the anti-kissing campaign, largely on the nonmedical grounds that it was an impossible rejection of human sexuality. Then as now, public health arguments over mouth practices have been shaped by deeper battles over individual autonomy and the obligations of the individual to society.

GOVERNMENT/BUSINESS SYNERGY: EARLY AMERICAN INNOVATIONS IN BUDGETING AND COST ACCOUNTING

1992 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Penny Marquette ◽  
Richard K. Fleischman
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Progressive Era ◽  
Cost Accounting ◽  
American Government ◽  
Significant Cost ◽  
Industrial Environment ◽  
Early American ◽  
Planning And Control ◽  
And Control ◽  
Governmental Budgeting

This paper examines certain interactions between American government and business which resulted in important innovations in the areas of budgeting and cost accounting early in the twentieth century. The evidence suggests that budgeting methods were initially developed by municipal reformers of the Progressive era and were subsequently adapted by business for planning and control purposes. In like fashion, standard costing and variance analysis were significant cost accounting techniques born to an industrial environment which came to contribute markedly to a continuing improvement of governmental budgeting procedures.

Better Baby Contests at the CNE: Spectacles of Public Health, Hygiene, and Nationhood in Early-Twentieth Century Toronto

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-81
Author(s):  
Allison Leadley
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Early Twentieth Century

Pendant près d’un demi-siècle, les concours du meilleur bébé constituaient l’une des attractions les plus populaires à l’Exposition nationale canadienne (CNE), une fête foraine annuelle à Toronto. Dans le cadre de ces concours, un panel de juges de la région (des médecins, généralement) attribuait des points aux bébés en fonction de catégories liées à « l’apparence saine, la beauté, les méthodes d’alimentation, l’absence de défauts physiques, la propreté, la tenue vestimentaire soignée et la proportion quant à la taille et le poids » avant d’attribuer le grand prix convoité. Tout comme d’autres sites de culture d’exposition, les concours du meilleur bébé misaient sur les pulsions scopophiliques du public et constituaient un mélange complexe de spectacle et d’édification. S’appuyant à la fois sur des études sur les concours de bébés et la culture d’exposition et sur une synthèse de la couverture médiatique des concours qui avaient lieu au CNE au début du vingtième siècle, Allison Leadley fait valoir que ces événements étaient emblématiques de la culture d’exposition dans leurs qualités formelles et stylistiques, mais aussi dans le travail performatif qu’ils mettaient en œuvre : la création, la promulgation et le maintien de nouvelles visions de la « normalité » façonnées par le domaine en pleine expansion de l’eugénisme.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Mary Augusta Brazelton
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Health Campaigns ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Mass Immunization ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Concepts Of Disease ◽  
The Individual ◽  
A Site

This introductory chapter provides a background of how mass immunization programs made vaccination a cornerstone of Chinese public health and China a site of consummate biopower, or power over life. Over the twentieth century, through processes of increasing force, vaccines became medical technologies of governance that bound together the individual and the collective, authorities and citizens, and experts and the uneducated. These programs did not just transform public health in China—they helped shape the history of global health. The material and administrative systems of mass immunization on which these health campaigns relied had a longer history than the People's Republic of China itself. The Chinese Communist Party championed as its own invention and dramatically expanded immunization systems that largely predated 1949 and had originated with public health programs developed in southwestern China during the Second Sino-Japanese War from 1937 to 1945. The nationwide implementation of these systems in the 1950s relied on transformations in research, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and concepts of disease that had begun in the first decades of the twentieth century. These processes spanned multiple regime changes, decades of war, and diverse forms of foreign intervention. Most important, they brought with them new ideas about what it meant to be a citizen of China.

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