Under pressure: when refugees feel pressured to leave their host countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Braithwaite ◽  
Faten Ghosn ◽  
Tuqa Hameed
Keyword(s):  
Country Of Origin ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Personal Safety ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Refugee Population ◽  
Syrian Refugee ◽  
Tentative Evidence ◽  
Return Home ◽  
Global Population ◽  
Do So

Abstract A significant portion of the global population of 270 million migrants are refugees who were forcibly displaced from and are unable to return to their country of origin for reasons ranging from personal safety to economic instability. Almost 30 million refugees are protected by an international refugee regime, which obliges host states to provide safehaven and protections against forced expulsion. Nonetheless, refugee experiences in host countries are highly varied, including with respect to how welcome they feel in their host states. This matters because refugees that feel pressured to leave may be more likely to look to move on to a third country or return home involuntarily and before conditions are safe to do so. We argue that whether or not refugees feel pressured to leave host countries is affected by the varied nature of their quotidian interactions with authorities and regular citizens. To test the validity of this argument we draw upon approximately 1,700 responses to a survey administered among the Syrian refugee population throughout Lebanon in June and July 2018. Our statistical analyses demonstrate that individuals who are registered with the UN and the Lebanese government both feel more pressure to leave the country, as do individuals who are subject to ill treatment at the hands of Lebanese residents or authorities. We also find some tentative evidence that individuals who are not well socially connected within Lebanese society—those that live in predominantly Syrian neighbourhoods in Lebanon—also feel more pressure to leave the country.

Should Hispanic Persons from Different Countries of Origin be Combined into One Sample for Analysis?

2000 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles N. Weaver ◽  
Zaida L. Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Mexican Americans ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Puerto Ricans ◽  
Country Of Origin ◽  
Work Attitudes ◽  
African Origin ◽  
Latin Americans ◽  
Subgroup Differences ◽  
Tentative Evidence ◽  
Do So

Hispanic respondents to 21 nationwide surveys were grouped on the basis of country of origin into Mexican Americans ( n = 402), Puerto Ricans ( n = 119), and Other Latin Americans ( n = 105). Analysis showed no significant over-all differences among subgroups. No significant subgroup differences in work attitudes were found for women and only one for men. Analysis of subgroup attitudes across age, education, occupation, family income, and personal income also gave no significant differences. These results provide tentative evidence that Hispanic respondents from different countries of origin may be aggregated into a single sample for analysis. There may be no more reason to analyze their responses separately by country of origin than there is to do so for persons of European or African origin.

Bir güvensizlik ülkesi olarak Türkiye’nin mültecileri, Suriyeliler ve Türk mülteciler

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Sirkeci
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Asylum Seekers ◽  
Military Coup ◽  
Syrian Refugees ◽  
Member States ◽  
Refugee Population ◽  
Syrian Crisis ◽  
Syrian Refugee ◽  
Generous Support ◽  
The Eu

Doğu ve güney komşuları üzerinde gelen göç akınlarının ve üye ülkeler arasındaki göçlerin artışıyla Avrupa Birliği (AB) en büyük krizlerinden birini yaşamaktadır. Avrupa’daki en ana tartışma konuları arasında Avrupa’ya göçü ve AB içindeki göçü sınırlamak ve üye ülkeler arasında mülteci kotası ve külfet paylaşımına yapılan itirazlar yer aldı. Bu krizde Türkiye anahtar ülke olarak ortaya çıktı ve ülkedeki büyük Suriyeli mülteci nüfusu ve bu nüfusun Avrupa’ya gitmesini engellemesi karşılığında vaat edilen milyarlarca Avro nedeniyle tartışmaların odağında yer aldı. Suriye krizi 4,8 milyon mülteci yarattı ve 2016 yılı sonu itibariyle bunların 2,8 milyonu Türkiye’de ikamet etmekteydi. Suriyeli mültecilere karşı cömert tavrıyla Türkiye güvenli bir ülke olarak tescil edilmiş oldu. Bu, hikayenin daha karanlık bir başka yüzünü gölgelemektedir. Çünkü aynı ülkenin vatandaşları 1980 askeri darbesinden bu yana milyonu aşkın sığınma başvurusu yaptılar. Ülkenin bugünkü şartları ve yeni veriler, Türkiye’den AB’ye yönelen daha çok mülteci akını olacağını gösteriyor. ABSTRACT IN ENGLISHTurkey’s refugees, Syrians and refugees from Turkey: a country of insecurityThe European Union (EU) has faced one of its biggest crises with the rise of population inflows through its Eastern and Southern neighbours as well as movements within the Union. In 2016, the main debate that dominated Europe was on restricting migration within and into the EU along with concerns and objections to the refugee quota systems and the sharing of the burden among member states. Turkey emerged as a ‘gate keeper’ in this crisis and has since been at the centre of debates because of the large Syrian refugee population in the country and billions of Euros it was promised to prevent refugees travelling to Europe. The Syrian crisis produced over 4.8 million refugees with over 2.8 million were based in Turkey by the end of 2016. Turkey with its generous support for Syrian refugees has been confirmed as a ‘country of security’. This shadows the darker side of affairs as the very same country has also produced millions of asylum seekers since the 1980 military coup. Current circumstances and fresh evidence indicate that there will be more EU bound refugees coming through and from Turkey. 

scholarly journals Toward ‘Cultures of Engagement’? An exploratory comparison of engagement patterns on Facebook news posts

2021 ◽  
pp. 146144482110092
Author(s):  
Raul Ferrer-Conill ◽  
Michael Karlsson ◽  
Mario Haim ◽  
Aske Kammer ◽  
Dag Elgesem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Country Of Origin ◽  
Information Production ◽  
National Boundaries ◽  
Do So

Information production, dissemination, and consumption are contingent upon cultural and financial dimensions. This study attempts to find cultures of engagement that reflect how audiences engage with news posts made by either commercial or state-owned news outlets on Facebook. To do so, we collected over a million news posts ( n = 1,173,159) produced by 482 news outlets in three Scandinavian countries (Denmark, Norway, and Sweden) and analyzed over 69 million interactions across three metrics of engagement (i.e. comments, likes, and shares). More concretely, we investigate whether the patterns of engagement follow distinct patterns across national boundaries and type of outlet ownership. While we are skeptical of metrics of engagement as markers of specific cultures of engagement, our results show that there are clear differences in how readers engage with news posts depending on the country of origin and whether they are fully state-owned or private-owned outlets.

The refugee crisis as a preparation stage for future exclusion

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 637-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Xypolytas
Keyword(s):  
Country Of Origin ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Intermediate Stage ◽  
Refugee Crisis ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Preparation Stage ◽  
Of Greece

Purpose Using the holistic approach to migrant exclusion, the purpose of this paper is to examine the refugee crisis as a preparation stage for future exclusion in the host countries. In previous migration analyses, the preparation stage involved only the country of origin, where people were becoming acclimatized to casual and low-status work and an ethos of survival. In the refugee crisis, this important stage spans across three spaces: the country of origin, Turkey as an intermediate stage and the hotspots of Greece. Design/methodology/approach This is a qualitative research that was based on 22 semi-structured interviews with refugees from Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan who live in the hotspot of Moria which is situated in Lesvos, Greece. Findings The research shows that in the first two countries of the preparation stage, refugees have become accustomed to casual and low-status jobs, which results in the loss of their labor identity and the development of instrumental work orientations. Similarly, the living conditions at the hotspots are so problematic that refugees are becoming desperate to escape this environment. These can have serious consequences for integration in the host countries, as refugees become pacified and at the same time strongly inclined to enter casual and low-status employment. Both developments can drastically undermine the refugees’ relation to the societies of the host countries. Originality/value The paper suggests that, given the preparation stage in these three settings, migration policy in the host countries should focus on recognizing long marginalization processes, immediately decongesting the hotspots and pay particular emphasis on the acknowledgment or creation of skills that can distance refugees from casual and low-status work.

Diaspora: Dislocation, Development and Drawback

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
Baburam Khanal
Keyword(s):  
Brain Drain ◽  
Country Of Origin ◽  
Positive Culture ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Economic Contribution

This study focuses on painful feelings and bitter experiences of diasporas while they are living in the host land. It stresses on their efforts to maintain connections with people in their homeland. Besides, the research talks about diasporas' attempt to assimilate, acculturate and integrate in the host countries in their dislocated and un-homely state. The study also explores the changing attitude of intellectuals, writers, journalists and politicians of host countries towards diasporas, that they have recognized diasporas' positive culture and economic contribution to host societies. Gradually and cautiously host societies and their governments accept diaspora members' affiliations as legitimate and sought for their permanence. Moreover, in some host countries, and in liberal circles, membership of such entities has been regarded as exciting and advantageous but not as an obstacle. Yet, the migrants constantly face criticisms and detriments. They establish networks back in their country of origin and try to influence homeland's politics and sometimes support the violent activities. On top of that, the continued migration and increase in remittances encourage chain of migration and brain drain, and create instability in homeland economy.

India’s Labour Agreements with the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries: An Assessment

2021 ◽  
pp. 002088172110553
Author(s):  
Sameena Hameed
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Cooperation Council ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Construction Sector ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Bilateral Coordination ◽  
Gcc Countries ◽  
Return Home

Despite the Indian government's proactive initiatives and reforms in the labour laws in the host countries, the welfare of Indian workers in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries remains compromised. The Indian workers continue to face exploitation, often left stranded or forced to return home penniless. In line with best global practices, India’s Bilateral Labour Agreements (BLAs) and Memorandum of Understanding (MoUs) with all the GCC countries need to make specific reference to the host countries' labour laws and facilitate bilateral coordination in the governance of the full migration cycle. Special focus is needed in the construction sector, where a vast majority of low-skilled Indian workers are employed. The article examines the effectiveness of India’s BLAs and MoUs with the GCC countries in protecting the low-skilled Indian workers in the region.

Remittance Behavior among Salvadoran and Filipino Immigrants in Los Angeles

1998 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia Menjívar ◽  
Julie DaVanzo ◽  
Lisa Greenwell ◽  
R. Burciaga Valdez
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Country Of Origin ◽  
The United States ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
English Classes ◽  
Remittance Behavior

This article analyzes the factors that influence remittance behavior (the decision to remit and the amount sent) in the host country of Filipino and Salvadoran immigrants, two groups with high rates of U.S.-bound migration and of remittances. Data for this study come from a multipurpose survey fielded in Los Angeles in 1991 and are analyzed using logistic regressions and OLS. Individual characteristics and financial ability to remit, motivation to migrate, personal investments in the United States, and family obligations in the home and in the host countries are hypothesized to affect remittance behavior. No differences by country of origin in the proportion who send remittances were found, but there were significant differences in the amount remitted. Some variables affect the two country-of-origin groups differently. The size of remittances sent by Salvadorans tends to be relatively insensitive to their characteristics compared with Filipinos. Filipinos’ remittances are more affected by age, family income, having taken English classes in the United States, and living alone than are the remittances of Salvadorans. For both groups, the most consistent factors affecting remittances are family income and the place of residence of close family members.

scholarly journals CAPITAL STRUCTURE OF FOREIGN AFFILIATES AND THE INVESTMENT DECISION: TWO QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S470-S492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Merino
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Ownership Structure ◽  
Econometric Model ◽  
Investment Decision ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Limited Dependent Variable ◽  
Foreign Affiliates ◽  
Econometric Approach ◽  
Do So

This paper analyses the ownership structure of foreign affiliates of Spanish firms. In contrast to previous studies on the participation degree, the paper highlights the importance of the previous decision to invest abroad. To do so, an econometric model with a limited dependent variable helps to show that to ignore the previous decision modifies the conclusions of the empirical analyses that raise an empirical model over a sample of firms with foreign affiliates. Additionally, the paper analyses in detail the importance of the cultural and political-legal differences between home and host countries that justify a different type of participation in equity of foreign affiliates. A clear implication for future research in this field is the need to reconsider the econometric approach to include the investment decision. As the paper has shown, a double-hurdle model provides notably different results than the usual approaches, which in this case are closer to the theoretical literature insights.

scholarly journals The Syrian Refugee Crisis and Higher Education

2016 ◽  
pp. 9-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans De Wit ◽  
Philip Altbach
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Host Country ◽  
Refugee Crisis ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Refugee Students ◽  
Syrian Refugee ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Syrian Refugee Crisis ◽  
Academic Qualifications ◽  
Academic Study

The Syrian refugee crisis creates significant challenges for universities because many of the refugees have academic qualifications and may want to pursue academic study once they have been accepted into a host country. This article argues that refugee-students can bring advantages to universities as well as contributing to the economies of host countries in the long run. 

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