scholarly journals Early-Season Pests of Soybean in the United States and Factors That Affect Their Risk of Infestation

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis S Hesler ◽  
K Clint Allen ◽  
Randall G Luttrell ◽  
Thomas W Sappington ◽  
Sharon K Papiernik
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Leaf Beetle ◽  
Soybean Aphid ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Management Options ◽  
White Grubs ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Bean Leaf Beetle ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Soybean faces potential economic damage from a wide variety of early-season invertebrate pests. The objective of this article was to determine the extent and intensity of nine early-season soybean insect pests targeted for control by insecticidal seed treatments in the United States and to identify various management options for them: bean leaf beetle (Cerotoma trifurcate Förster, Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae); grape colaspis, Colaspis brunnea (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae); leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Ciccadellidae); seedcorn maggot, Delia platura (Meigen) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae); soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura, Hemiptera: Aphididae); threecornered alfalfa hopper, Spsistilus festinus (Say) (Hemiptera: Membracidae); thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae); white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae); and wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae). Seedcorn maggot, white grubs, and wireworms have been limited to a relatively small proportion of soybean fields with readily defined factors regarding their risk. However, questions about the pest status of the other six pests were identified. Bean leaf beetle, which vectors Bean pod mottle virus to soybean, has been present across major soybean-production regions, but frequency and proportion of soybean fields that economically impacted is not adequately documented. The impact of threecornered alfalfa hopper and thrips on soybean productivity varied within regions, but specific reasons for the variation were unclear. Early-season management of grape colaspis and leafhoppers has been infrequent, but factors that promoted economic injury and the need for management in specific fields were undetermined. Although early-season management of soybean aphid has not proven feasible for individual fields, questions remain regarding its management in fields near overwintering stands and the possibility for areawide suppression.

scholarly journals COVID-19 scenarios for the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Simon I Hay
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Reference Scenario ◽  
Level Model ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Impact

The United States (US) has not been spared in the ongoing pandemic of novel coronavirus disease. COVID-19, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), continues to cause death and disease in all 50 states, as well as significant economic damage wrought by the non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) adopted in attempts to control transmission. We use a deterministic, Susceptible, Exposed, Infectious, Recovered (SEIR) compartmental framework to model possible trajectories of SARS-CoV-2 infections and the impact of NPI at the state level. Model performance was tested against reported deaths from 01 February to 04 July 2020. Using this SEIR model and projections of critical driving covariates (pneumonia seasonality, mobility, testing rates, and mask use per capita), we assessed some possible futures of the COVID-19 pandemic from 05 July through 31 December 2020. We explored future scenarios that included feasible assumptions about NPIs including social distancing mandates (SDMs) and levels of mask use. The range of infection, death, and hospital demand outcomes revealed by these scenarios show that action taken during the summer of 2020 will have profound public health impacts through to the year end. Encouragingly, we find that an emphasis on universal mask use may be sufficient to ameliorate the worst effects of epidemic resurgences in many states. Masks may save as many as 102,795 (55,898-183,374) lives, when compared to a plausible reference scenario in December. In addition, widespread mask use may markedly reduce the need for more socially and economically deleterious SDMs.

scholarly journals Path to diagnosis and women’s perspectives on the impact of endometriosis pain

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgine Lamvu ◽  
Oscar Antunez-Flores ◽  
Mona Orady ◽  
Beth Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
United States ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Disease State ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Significant Impairment ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: Endometriosis is a burdensome chronic disease that can be difficult to diagnose, yet few studies examine experiences along the continuum of disease state. We sought to explore women’s journeys to an endometriosis diagnosis, experience with endometriosis pain, and interactions with healthcare practitioners. Methods: An anonymous 23-question online survey was distributed to women (aged >19 years) who self-identified as having a surgical or nonsurgical diagnosis of endometriosis and living in seven English-speaking countries through the social media network MyEndometriosisTeam.com . Results: From January through April 2018, 317 women in the United States and 134 women outside the United States completed the survey. More than 50% of the women waited 6 or more years for a diagnosis of endometriosis. Overall, 54.3% experienced endometriosis-related pain daily. Respondents (US/non-US) reported a significant impairment in quality of life that interfered with their family (45.7%/45.5%) and social life (40.1%/44.0%), education/career (42.9%/46.3%), and sexual function (68.1%/70.1%). Women reported their disease led to other conditions, including fatigue (93.6%), gastrointestinal issues (91.8%), and difficulty sleeping (87.4%). Many women were not satisfied with their practitioner’s ability to listen to concerns and felt that their practitioner’s treatment recommendations lacked consistency with their own goals/needs. Conclusion: Women still experience long delays and difficult journeys to an endometriosis diagnosis. Disease-associated pain is pervasive and has direct and indirect impacts on quality of life. Women are frequently not satisfied with disease-management options presented to them by their practitioners. These results suggest a need for improved medical education on disease state for both patients and practitioners.

Temperature and Humidity Interact to Influence Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), Survival

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna J Fisher ◽  
Jhalendra P Rijal ◽  
Frank G Zalom
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug ◽  
Stink Bug ◽  
First Instar ◽  
The Impact

Abstract High-temperature events can influence insect population dynamics and could be especially important for predicting the potential spread and establishment of invasive insects. The interaction between temperature and environmental humidity on insect populations is not well understood but can be a key factor that determines habitat range and population size. The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål), is an invasive agricultural pest in the United States and Europe, which causes serious economic damage to a wide range of crops. This insect’s range continues to expand. It has recently invaded the Central Valley of California, which has a hotter and drier climate compared with the Eastern United States where this insect is established. We investigated how high-temperature events and relative humidity would impact the survival and reproduction of H. halys. Using incubators and humidity chambers, we evaluated the impact of humidity and short-term (2 d) high-temperature exposure on the survival and development of H. halys eggs, nymphs, and adults. We found that high temperatures significantly reduced H. halys survival. The impact of humidity on H. halys survival was dependent on temperature and life stage. Low humidity decreased first-instar survival but not third- to fourth-instar survival. High humidity increased first instar survival but decreased third- to fourth-instar survival. Humidity did not influence adult or egg survival. We also found that high temperatures decreased H. halys reproduction. Our findings have important implications for understanding the invasive ecology of H. halys and may be used to improve models predicting H. halys range expansion.

Wrestling with 9/11: Immigrant Perceptions and Perceptions of Immigrants

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Brettell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Immigration Policy ◽  
Asian Indians ◽  
World Trade Center ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fort Worth ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Immigrant Populations ◽  
Trade Center ◽  
The Impact

Soon after 9/11 a research project to study new immigration into the Dallas Fort Worth metropolitan area got under way. In the questionnaire that was administered to 600 immigrants across five different immigrant populations (Asian Indians, Vietnamese, Mexicans, Salvadorans, and Nigerians) between 2003 and 2005 we decided to include a question about the impact of 9/11 on their lives. We asked: “How has the attack on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001 affected your position as an immigrant in the United States?” This article analyzes the responses to this question, looking at similarities and differences across different immigrant populations. It also addresses the broader issue of how 9/11 has affected both immigration policy and attitudes toward the foreign-born in the United States. 

Anne O. Krueger, Constantine Michalopoulos and Vernon W. Ruttan. Aid and Development. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 1989. xiv + 386 pp.Price: U.S. $ 52.00

1991 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-217
Author(s):  
Mir Annice Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
International Development ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Development Assistance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Low Literacy ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Impact

Foreign aid has been the subject of much examination and research ever since it entered the economic armamentarium approximately 45 years ago. This was the time when the Second World War had successfully ended for the Allies in the defeat of Germany and Japan. However, a new enemy, the Soviet Union, had materialized at the end of the conflict. To counter the threat from the East, the United States undertook the implementation of the Marshal Plan, which was extremely successful in rebuilding and revitalizing a shattered Western Europe. Aid had made its impact. The book under review is by three well-known economists and is the outcome of a study sponsored by the Department of State and the United States Agency for International Development. The major objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of assistance, i.e., aid, on economic development. This evaluation however, was to be based on the existing literature on the subject. The book has five major parts: Part One deals with development thought and development assistance; Part Two looks at the relationship between donors and recipients; Part Three evaluates the use of aid by sector; Part Four presents country case-studies; and Part Five synthesizes the lessons from development assistance. Part One of the book is very informative in that it summarises very concisely the theoretical underpinnings of the aid process. In the beginning, aid was thought to be the answer to underdevelopment which could be achieved by a transfer of capital from the rich to the poor. This approach, however, did not succeed as it was simplistic. Capital transfers were not sufficient in themselves to bring about development, as research in this area came to reveal. The development process is a complicated one, with inputs from all sectors of the economy. Thus, it came to be recognized that factors such as low literacy rates, poor health facilities, and lack of social infrastructure are also responsible for economic backwardness. Part One of the book, therefore, sums up appropriately the various trends in development thought. This is important because the book deals primarily with the issue of the effectiveness of aid as a catalyst to further economic development.

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