Transmission of Cotton Seed and Boll Rotting Bacteria by the Verde Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 793-799 ◽  
Author(s):  
James P Glover ◽  
Enrique G Medrano ◽  
Thomas Isakeit ◽  
Michael J Brewer
Keyword(s):  
Serratia Marcescens ◽  
Cotton Seed ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Transmission Efficiency ◽  
South Texas ◽  
Photographic Evidence ◽  
Laboratory Colony ◽  
Boll Rot ◽  
Disease Agent

Abstract Field experiments and supporting laboratory work were conducted to characterize the ability of the verde plant bug, Creontiades signatus (Distant), a boll-feeding sucking bug, to transmit a cotton seed and boll rot bacterial pathogen, Serratia marcescens (Bizio) (Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae). Serratia marcescens was originally isolated from bolls infested with verde plant bug in south Texas, and a Rifampicin resistant S. marcescens strain was used in transmission and retention experiments. Serratia-exposed and nonexposed adult verde plant bugs from a laboratory colony were placed individually on 5-, 6-, 7-, and 8-d-old bolls (postanthesis). The bacterial acquisition process did not apparently affect insect vigor based on similar average boll injury ratings observed across both exposed and nonexposed bugs. Cotton bolls caged with Serratia-exposed verde plant bugs had significantly greater presence of S. marcescens and cotton boll rot symptoms than bolls caged without bugs (no-insect controls) or nonexposed bugs. Transmission of the disease agent by verde plant bug was confirmed across all boll ages assayed. Incidence of diseased locules on 5- and 6-d-old bolls was the same or greater than on 7- and 8-d-old bolls. Verde plant bug was able to harbor the disease agent from 24- to 96-h postinfection, and transmission efficiency rates ranged from 54 to 62% during initial transmission and retention (transmission across two bolls fed upon consecutively) studies. Along with photographic evidence, the experimental data supported that boll damage associated with verde plant bug infestations was magnified when insects transmitted the cotton pathogen S. marcescens as demonstrated in this 2-yr field experiment.

Effect of Bensulfuron-Methyl on Cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) Growth and Development

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 851-855
Author(s):  
C. Dale Monks ◽  
Michael G. Patterson ◽  
Malcolm Pegues
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Plant Growth Regulator ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Mepiquat Chloride ◽  
Boll Rot ◽  
Effect On Yield

Field experiments were conducted in Alabama from 1992 through 1994 to evaluate the potential of the methyl ester of bensulfuron applied at sublethal rates as a plant growth regulator for reducing plant height and boll rot in cotton. Bensulfuron at 0.017 and 0.034 g ai/ha or mepiquat chloride at 10 g ai/ha was applied POST alone at the pinhead square or early-bloom stage of cotton growth or sequentially at 0.017 followed by (fb) 0.017 g/ha, 0.034 fb 0.034 g/ha of bensulfuron and 5 fb 5, 10 fb 10, 10 fb 20, or 20 fb 20 g/ha of mepiquat chloride. Mepiquat chloride had no effect on yield in 1992 and 1994 but decreased yield when applied sequentially in 1993. Bensulfuron was generally detrimental to first position fruit retention, and it delayed maturity. Treatments that reduced plant height did not reduce boll rot. Bensulfuron treatments that reduced plant height also reduced yield; therefore, the potential for its use as a growth regulator in cotton appears limited.

Peanut Response to Ethalfluralin, Pendimethalin, and Trifluralin Preplant Incorporated1

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Dotray ◽  
J. W. Keeling ◽  
W. J. Grichar ◽  
E. P. Prostko ◽  
R. G. Lemon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
South Texas ◽  
Stand Establishment ◽  
West Texas ◽  
Central Texas ◽  
Incorporation Method ◽  
Dinitroaniline Herbicides

Abstract Field experiments were conducted at Yoakum (south Texas) in 1996 and 1997, Comanche (central Texas) in 1998, and Lamesa (west Texas) in 1998 and 1999 to evaluate peanut tolerance to dinitroaniline herbicides. At Lamesa, ethalfluralin at 0.63 or 0.84 kg/ha, pendimethalin at 0.56 or 0.84 kg/ha, and trifluralin at 0.56 or 0.71 kg/ha were applied preplant incorporated (PPI), and at Yoakum and Comanche, ethalfluralin and pendimethalin were applied PPI at 0.67, 0.84, 1.12, and 1.68 kg/ha. There were no differences in stand establishment or yield for any treatment at Lamesa, Comanche, or Yoakum. Similarly, canopy stature was not affected at Lamesa nor was grade affected at Comanche or Yoakum. At Lamesa, yields by herbicide averaged across rates, incorporation methods, and years ranged from 4530 to 4920 kg/ha; by rate averaged across herbicides, incorporation methods, and years was 4600 to 4750 kg/ha; and by incorporation method averaged across herbicides, rates, and years was 4580 to 4770 kg/ha. At Yoakum and Comanche, yields by herbicide were 2640 and 2950 kg/ha, respectively, when averaged across rates; and by rate they ranged from 2630 to 2990 kg/ha when averaged across herbicides. These data indicate peanut has tolerance (safety) to ethalfluralin, pendimethalin, and trifluralin applied PPI in Texas.

scholarly journals Cotton (<i>Gossypium hirsutum</i> L.) Boll Rot and Associated Microorganisms in South Texas Fields

2016 ◽  
Vol 07 (10) ◽  
pp. 732-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greta Schuster ◽  
Enrique G. Medrano ◽  
Kendal Field-Huey
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
South Texas ◽  
Boll Rot

A Strain of Serratia marcescens (Enterobacteriaceae) with High Virulence Per Os to Larvae of a Laboratory Colony of the Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)1

2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 380-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert R. Farrar ◽  
Phyllis A. W. Martin ◽  
Richard L. Ridgway
Keyword(s):  
Serratia Marcescens ◽  
Helicoverpa Zea ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Corn Earworm ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Pathogen Virulence ◽  
Laboratory Colony ◽  
Nuclear Polyhedrosis

An unpigmented strain of the bacterium Serratia marcescens Bizio that is highly virulent when fed to larvae from a laboratory colony of the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), was found as a contaminant in a sample of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the celery looper, Anagrapha falcifera (Kirby), that also infects H. zea. High rates of mortality (&gt;70%) were obtained by feeding doses of less than 100 bacterial cells per larva. Previous reports indicated that when insects could be killed with S. marcescens administered orally, doses on the order of 105 to 106 cells per insect were required to obtain comparable levels of mortality. Its virulence may have been increased through unintentional selection during the in vivo production of the virus in corn earworm larvae. The insect colony with which high mortality was obtained was compared with another colony, and the S. marcescens strain was compared with other strains. Results indicate that the highest levels of mortality are associated with a particular combination of insect colony and bacterial strain. While the potential of this organism as a biological control agent has not been evaluated, these apparently unique interactions could make this system an interesting and potentially useful model for the study of host-pathogen virulence factors.

Harvesting Thermoelectric Energy from Asphalt Pavements

2017 ◽  
Vol 2628 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Utpal Datta ◽  
Samer Dessouky ◽  
A. T. Papagiannakis
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Asphalt Pavement ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Research Field ◽  
South Texas ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Pavement Surface ◽  
Thermoelectric Energy

The goal of this study was to develop a prototype for harvesting thermoelectric energy from asphalt pavement roadways. This emerging research field encompasses technologies that capture the existing thermal energy in pavements to generate electricity without depleting natural resources. In lower latitudes, such as south Texas, the asphalt pavement surface temperature in the summer can reach 55°C because of solar radiation. Soil temperatures below the pavement, however, are roughly constant (i.e., 27°C to 33°C) at relatively shallow depths (150 mm). This thermal gradient between the surface temperature and the pavement substrata can be used to generate electrical power through thermoelectric generators (TEGs). The proposed prototype collects heat energy from the pavement surface and transfers the energy to a TEG embedded in the subgrade at the edge of the pavement shoulder. Evaluation of this prototype was carried out through finite element analysis, laboratory testing, and field experiments. The results suggest that the 64- × 64-mm TEG prototype can generate an average of 10 mW of electric power continuously over a period of 8 h in the weather conditions in south Texas. Scaling up this prototype by using multiple TEG units could generate sufficient electricity to sustainably power low-watt LED lights and roadway and traffic sensors in off-grid, remote areas.

scholarly journals Peanut Response to Carfentrazone-ethyl and Pyraflufen-ethyl Applied Postemergence1

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Dotray ◽  
T. A. Baughman ◽  
W. J. Grichar
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
No Reduction ◽  
South Texas ◽  
High Plains ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Herbicide Treatment ◽  
Texas High Plains ◽  
Low Rate ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Field experiments were conducted at six locations in Texas in 2004 and 2005 to evaluate peanut tolerance to carfentrazone-ethyl and pyraflufen-ethyl. Carfentrazone-ethyl at 27 and 36 g ai/ha or pyraflufen-ethyl at 2.6 and 3.5 g ai/ha were applied early postemergence (EP) 28 to 51 days after planting (DAP) or late postemergence (LP) 93 to 121 DAP in weed-free plots. In the Texas High Plains, carfentrazone-ethyl and pyraflufen-ethyl applied EP resulted in 62 and 48% visual injury, respectively, when rated 14 days after treatment (DAT). With the exception of the low rate of carfentrazone-ethyl at one location, this injury was greater than the injury caused by paraquat at 210 g ai/ha plus bentazon at 280 g ai/ha. All injury declined over time, but was still apparent at harvest (up to 3%). Peanut injury from applications made late postemergence did not exceed 16%. In the Rolling Plains, peanut injury did not exceed 12% at Lockett and 25% at Rochester regardless of herbicide, rate, or timing. In south Texas, peanut injury ranged from 14 to 19% and 6 to 8% following EP and LP applications, respectively. At this location, carfentrazone-ethyl and pyraflufen-ethyl at the low rate caused less injury than paraquat plus bentazon when applied EP. Peanut yield was reduced by herbicide treatment at two of six locations. Greatest yield losses were observed at Lamesa in 2004, where all carfentrazone-ethyl treatments, except the lowest rate applied LP, and all pyraflufen-ethyl treatments caused a yield reduction when compared to the non-treated control. No reduction in grade from the non-treated control was observed at the five locations where grade analysis was performed.

Apple fruit core rot agents in Greece and control with SDHI fungicides

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panagiota Ntasiou ◽  
Anastasios Samaras ◽  
George Savvas Karaoglanidis
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Postharvest Disease ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Disease Etiology ◽  
Fungal Identification ◽  
Disease Agent ◽  
And Control ◽  
First Time

Core rot is a major postharvest disease of apple fruit that occurs worldwide and is caused by a complex of fungi. Despite the importance of the disease, little is known about its etiology in Greece. In the current study, 325 fungal isolates obtained from fruit with core rot symptoms were identified to the species level using morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis. Fungal identification revealed that Alternaria alternata was the major disease agent (57.8% of the isolates), followed by Kalmusia variispora (27.8%) Botrytis cinerea (12%), and Fusarium spp. (3.3%). K. variispora is reported for the first time as an agent of core rot of apple and its pathogenicity was confirmed by artificial inoculation tests. In addition to disease etiology, field experiments were performed at 2 different orchards for 3 consecutive years (2017-2019). Experiments were conducted to determine the effectiveness of several classes of fungicides and the timing of application for control of the disease. Greater efficacy was achieved when fungicides were applied at the petal fall stage (flowers fading BBCH 67), while the most effective fungicides were the SDHI inhibitors fluxapyroxad, fluopyram, adepidyn and penthiopyrad. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the optimization of disease management and reduce the yield losses caused by core rot pathogens in Greece.

Optimal Configuration and Field Experiments for the Photovoltaic System of a Solar-Powered Hose-Drawn Traveler

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 1789-1801
Author(s):  
Dan Li ◽  
Delan Zhu ◽  
Maosheng Ge ◽  
Shoujun Wu ◽  
Ruixin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Supply ◽  
Optimization Model ◽  
Annual Cost ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Transmission Efficiency ◽  
Optimal Configuration ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Generation System ◽  
Photovoltaic Generation ◽  
Battery Capacity

Abstract. High energy consumption is one of the disadvantages of hose-drawn travelers due to the use of water turbines. This study proposes a photovoltaic-powered electric motor instead of a water turbine to achieve high transmission efficiency. A stand-alone photovoltaic generation system (PVGS) was designed for a hose-drawn traveler. To achieve cost savings, a sizing optimization model was built for the PVGS. In the optimization model, the minimum annual cost of the system, which includes the initial capital, replacement, installation, operation, and maintenance costs, is taken as the objective function. The constraints include the battery’s state of charge (SOC) and the power supply reliability, which is composed of the load loss of power supply probability (LPSP) and the energy excess percentage (EXC). The total power produced by the PV panels and the total battery capacity are the decision variables. The optimization model of the PVGS is solved through a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm based on a penalty function. The model is then applied to calculate the optimal configuration of a JP75-300 hose-drawn traveler. Comparisons between the optimal configuration and other six configuration schemes were conducted to verify the optimal solution results. Furthermore, field experiments were performed to test the performance. Finally, the effects of meteorological conditions, driving velocity, and LPSP on the optimal configuration and the annual cost of the PVGS are discussed. The results show that the optimal configuration of this PVGS are 432 W total power from PV panels and 172 Ah total battery capacity, and the optimization model results are the optimal configuration based on comparisons. The optimal configuration met the power requirements of the hose-drawn traveler for four days of field experiments, indicating that the optimal configuration is feasible.HighlightsA photovoltaic-powered electric motor instead of a water turbine was used for high transmission efficiency.An optimization model was built to define the optimal configuration of the photovoltaic generation system (PVGS).The optimal configuration decreased the annual cost of the PVGS while ensuring power supply reliability.Meteorological conditions, driving velocity, and LPSP are key factors affecting the annual cost of the PVGS. Keywords: Driving power requirements, Field experiments, Hose-drawn traveler, Optimization model, Particle swarm optimization, Photovoltaic generation system.

scholarly journals Epidemiological Typing of Serratia marcescens Isolates by Whole-Genome Multilocus Sequence Typing

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. A. Rossen ◽  
Jill Dombrecht ◽  
Diederik Vanfleteren ◽  
Katrien De Bruyne ◽  
Alex van Belkum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serratia Marcescens ◽  
Multilocus Sequence Typing ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Control Response ◽  
Validation Procedure

ABSTRACT Serratia marcescens is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen. It is notorious for its increasing antimicrobial resistance and its potential to cause outbreaks of colonization and infections, predominantly in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). There, its spread requires rapid infection control response. To understand its spread, detailed molecular typing is key. We present a whole-genome multilocus sequence typing (wgMLST) method for S. marcescens. Using a set of 299 publicly available whole-genome sequences (WGS), we developed an initial wgMLST system consisting of 9,377 gene loci. This included 1,455 loci occurring in all reference genomes and 7,922 accessory loci. This closed system was validated using three geographically diverse collections of S. marcescens consisting of 111 clinical isolates implicated in nosocomial dissemination events in three hospitals. The validation procedure showed a full match between epidemiological data and the wgMLST analyses. We set the cutoff value for epidemiological (non)relatedness at 20 different alleles, though for the majority of outbreak-clustered isolates, this difference was limited to 4 alleles. This shows that the wgMLST system for S. marcescens provides prospects for successful future monitoring for the epidemiological containment of this opportunistic pathogen.

scholarly journals Sonic stimulation at certain frequencies can confer limited protection on nematode host infected with Serratia marcescens

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijay Kothari ◽  
Gemini Gajera ◽  
Anjali Kalla ◽  
Himani Zaveri ◽  
Pinal Sanandiya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Serratia Marcescens ◽  
Therapeutic Effect ◽  
Survival Benefit ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Worm Caenorhabditis Elegans

Different mono-frequency and poly-frequency sounds were investigated for their possible therapeutic effect on infected worm (Caenorhabditis elegans) population. Sound corresponding to the frequency of 700 Hz and 2,000 Hz were found to confer 11-27% survival benefit on worm population challenged with multi-drug resistant gram-negative bacterial pathogen Serratia marcescens.

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