scholarly journals Incidental Fungi in Host Trees Disrupt the Development of Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) Symbiotic Fungus and Larvae

2019 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 832-838
Author(s):  
Lixiang Wang ◽  
Chunchun Li ◽  
Juan Shi ◽  
Chengcheng Li ◽  
Jiale Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Microbial Control ◽  
Trichoderma Atroviride ◽  
Fungal Symbiont ◽  
Sirex Noctilio ◽  
Wood Moisture ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Phlebiopsis Gigantea ◽  
Mutualistic Fungus

Abstract The woodwasp, Sirex noctilio Fabricius, is an exotic pest of Pinus L. in the southern hemisphere and North America, and it is an emerging threat in northeastern China. Adult woodwasps have numerous insect competitors for oviposition substrates, and developing larvae must compete for resources with other subcortical invaders. Its mutualistic fungus Amylostereum areolatum (Fr.) Boidon, is less competitive than many other fungal colonists present in pine ecosystems. This study investigated the effects of incidental, host-colonizing fungi on the growth and development of woodwasp larvae and A. areolatum. Fungi were isolated from dead S. noctilio larvae within galleries (primarily Trichoderma Pers, Ophiostoma Sydow, and Sphaeropsis Sacc.), and effects of these fungi on woodwasp brood survival were investigated via inoculations of S. noctilio-infested logs. Larval mortality was significantly increased in sample logs inoculated with Ophiostoma minus (Hedgc.) Sydow Phlebiopsis gigantea (Fr.) Jülich, Trichoderma atroviride Bissett, Trichoderma viride Pers, and Trichoderma harzianum Rifai. Inoculation of logs with O. minus resulted in the highest mortality and greatest reductions in wood moisture content. When grown on artificial media, these fungi grew faster than and inhibited growth of A. areolatum mycelium. We propose that the adverse effects of incidental fungi on the survival of S. noctilio larvae may be caused at least in part by an indirect mechanism involving inhibition of the fungal symbiont. The findings provide potentially valuable information for suppressing S. noctilio populations using microbial control agents.

scholarly journals First Report of Amylostereum areolatum, the Fungal Symbiont of Sirex noctilio, on Pinus spp. in Canada

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (7) ◽  
pp. 1138-1138 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.-J. Bergeron ◽  
R. C. Hamelin ◽  
I. Leal ◽  
C. Davis ◽  
P. de Groot
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
North American ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Fungal Symbiont ◽  
Sirex Noctilio ◽  
First Report ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Pinus Spp

Amylostereum areolatum (Fr.) Boidin (Russulales: Stereaceae) is a white rot fungus that has a symbiotic relationship with several woodwasps including Sirex noctilio Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Siricidae). The vectored fungus together with a phytotoxic mucus, both injected during oviposition by the female S. noctilio, rapidly weaken the host tree, rendering it susceptible to larval development (3). Host trees of A. areolatum include species of Pinus (mainly), Abies, Larix, and Picea and Cryptomeria japonica and Pseudotsuga menziesii (Fungal Databases [online]; USDA). The siricid woodwasp is native to Eurasia and North Africa and has been introduced into New Zealand, Australia, South America, and South Africa (1). In July of 2005, the first established North American population of S. noctilio was reported in Oswego, NY. Prompted by this initial discovery, a trap survey of Ontario counties located along the Canada-U.S. border, close to Upstate New York, was conducted in September and October of 2005. S. noctilio females were captured in four locations in southern Ontario. Two additional locations for S. noctilio were also reported in a survey conducted independently (2). In September and October of 2006, logs of Scots pines showing current Sirex oviposition sites were harvested from the Ontario area bordered by Lakes Huron, Erie, and Ontario to determine the presence of the species-specific fungal symbiont of S. noctilio, A. areolatum. Fungal isolates were obtained by surface sterilizing wood chips showing decay columns followed by incubation at 20°C on 2% malt extract agar. Cultures with morphological characteristics typical of A. areolatum–presence of clamp connections and arthrospores–were used for DNA analysis to confirm species identification. DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the ribosomal RNA gene were queried against the NCBI GenBank database. There was a 99 to 100% match between the ITS sequences from the Ontario isolates and sequences from European and Asian A. areolatum isolates (GenBank Accession Nos. EU249343 and EU249344 versus AF454428, AF506405, AY781245, and AF218389). Matches with A. chailletii (Pers.) Boidin, a native related species, were around 97%. These results confirmed the presence of A. areolatum in the infested material. Cultures were deposited in the National Mycological Herbarium of Canada (DAOM 239280–DAOM 239295). To our knowledge, this represents the first report of A. areolatum in Canada. In its natural range, the insect-fungal complex exists in equilibrium with its host trees and parasites, thus, few negative impacts are observed. However, in the Southern Hemisphere where it has been introduced, it has become a major pest, attacking many important commercial North American species planted as exotics (1). Conifer forests in Canada are threatened by the spread of the S. noctilio/A. areolatum complex, particularly plantations and stands of Pinus banksiana, P. contorta, P. ponderosa, P. resinosa, P. strobus, and P. sylvestris. A survey of Eastern Canada to detect the presence of S. noctilio is on going, and genetics work is being conducted to determine the origin of the introduction of A. areolatum. References: (1) W. M. Ciesla. J. For. 101:18, 2003. (2) P. de Groot et al. Gt. Lakes Entomol. 39:49, 2006. (3) B. Slippers et al. S. Afr. J. Sci. 99:70, 2003.

Putative origin of clonal lineages of Amylostereum areolatum, the fungal symbiont associated with Sirex noctilio, retrieved from Pinus sylvestris, in eastern Canada

2011 ◽  
Vol 115 (8) ◽  
pp. 750-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Josée Bergeron ◽  
Isabel Leal ◽  
Brett Foord ◽  
Grace Ross ◽  
Chuck Davis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Fungal Symbiont ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Sirex Noctilio ◽  
Putative Origin

Interactions between the fungal symbiont of Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) and two bark beetle-vectored fungi

2011 ◽  
Vol 143 (3) ◽  
pp. 224-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Ryan ◽  
Jean-Marc Moncalvo ◽  
Peter de Groot ◽  
Sandy M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Competitive Interactions ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Fungal Symbiont ◽  
Sirex Noctilio ◽  
Individual Trees

AbstractThe woodwasp Sirex noctilio F. is invading North American forests, where it will interact with a large guild of pine-inhabiting beetles and their associated fungi. The woodwasp's obligate fungal symbiont, Amylostereum areolatum (Fries) Boidin (Stereaceae), plays an essential role in the wasp's larval development but is expected to be a poor competitor in the presence of fungi vectored by co-occurring insects. We examined the outcomes of competitive interactions between A. areolatum and two fungal species vectored by bark beetles, Leptographium wingfieldii Morelet (Ophiostomataceae) and Ophiostoma minus (Hedgcock) H. and P. Sydow (Ophiostomataceae), and the effect of temperature and substrate on these interactions. Beetle-associated fungi were usually able to capture more uncolonized resource than A. areolatum regardless of substrate or temperature. Amylostereum areolatum was able to colonize relatively more space in some cases but could not gain substrate already colonized by the ophiostomatoid competitor. These findings suggest that competitive interactions between beetle-vectored fungal species and A. areolatum could influence the reproductive fitness and distribution of S. noctilio within individual trees and also across a wide geographic area.

Physiological reactions of Pinus radiata to attack by woodwasp, Sirex noctilio F. (Hymenoptera: Siricidae)

1977 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Madden
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
High Water ◽  
Sirex Noctilio ◽  
General Hypothesis ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Successful Establishment ◽  
In Trans ◽  
Individual Trees

AbstractPhysiological studies of Pinus radiata damaged artificially and of others attacked by Sirex noctilio F. indicated that temporary disturbances of the normal physiology of the host trees produce potential breeding sites for the woodwasp. Different physiological processes within trees were monitored after treatment and attack; these included changes in trans-location, transpiration, phloem respiration and osmotic and moisture content. The response of the S. noctilio to trees baited with phloem extracts or monoterpene solutions was investigated. The results of these studies, together with the published findings of other workers on the effects of insect secretions on trees and the resistance phenomenon, were interpreted into a general hypothesis of the interaction of the insect with the host tree. It was found that damage impaired translocation and enhanced transpiration and phloem respiration. These changes resulted in changes in tissue permeability and increased the rates of monoterpene and water vapour loss through the bark. The attraction of S. noctilio to trees was related to these changes, and the lowered osmotic status of the phloem favoured egg deposition. Drilling also was accompanied by the secretion of arthrospores of the symbiotic fungus Amylostereum areolatum and mucus, which inhibited translocation. High water tensions in stressed trees favoured fungus invasion, and low turgor resulting from the permeability changes minimised resinosis at oviposition sites. Successful establishment of the fungus, together with the effects of the mucus, resulted in tree death and the creation of a suitable milieu for Sirex development. The hypothesis proposes that the outcome of any attack is related to the duration and effects of the initial stressor on the tree and the tree's ability to moderate these effects. The response in the physiology of individual trees to stress affects the probability of attack while the resultant interaction between insect and tree determines the intensity of drilling, arthrospore and mucus load, and tree susceptibility or resistance to that attack.

scholarly journals In vitro interactions between Armillaria species and potential biocontrol fungi

2009 ◽  
pp. 129-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nenad Keca
Keyword(s):  
Pleurotus Ostreatus ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Penicillium Sp ◽  
Phlebiopsis Gigantea ◽  
Armillaria Species ◽  
In Vitro Interactions ◽  
Biocontrol Fungi ◽  
Hypholoma Fasciculare

Interaction between Armillaria species and seven other fungi were tested in vitro. Tree antagonistic (Trichoderma viride, Trichotecium roseum and Penicillium sp.) and four decaying (Hypholoma fasciculare? Hypholoma capnoides, Phlebiopsis gigantea, and Pleurotus ostreatus) fungi were chosen for this study. The best results were noted for Trichoderma viride, because fungus was able to kill both mycelia and rhizomorphs of Armillaria species, while Hypholoma spp. inhibited both growth of Armillaria colonies and rhizomorph production.

Multiple effects of tebufenozide on the survival and performance of the spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

2016 ◽  
Vol 149 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kees van Frankenhuyzen ◽  
Jacques Régnière
Keyword(s):  
Mating Success ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Population Reduction ◽  
High Larval Mortality ◽  
And Performance

AbstractAerial application of Mimic® 2LV to rising outbreak populations of the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens); Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Québec, Canada, resulted in high levels of population reduction at spray deposits of 0.5–1.2 μg tebufenozide/g of foliage. Application to potted host trees in outdoor enclosures followed by bioassays revealed multiple effects on spruce budworm survival and recruitment. Chronic (14-day) exposure of late-instars to treated foliage reduced larval survival and also pupal survival, mating success, and fecundity, depending on the product concentration applied. Treatments that produced foliar deposits of ~ 0.5–1.5 μg tebufenozide/g caused high larval mortality. Exposure to deposits of ~ 0.15–0.5 μg/g caused delayed mortality during the pupal stage and reduced the mating success of survivors, while exposure to ~ 0.07–0.15 μg/g reduced the fecundity of mated females. Sublethal exposure did not affect the progeny of survivors, either in egg hatch, survival during diapause, or survival and performance after diapause. Reduced survival during late-larval and pupal stages combined with lower recruitment as a result of reduced mating success and fecundity are likely to play a role in the suppression of Mimic®-treated spruce budworm populations in the years following treatment.

DIFFERENCES IN THE UTILIZATION OF TREE SPECIES AS LARVAL HOSTS AND PUPATION SITES BY THE GYPSY MOTH, LYMANTRIA DISPAR (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE)

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (5) ◽  
pp. 685-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yves Mauffette ◽  
Martin J. Lechowicz
Keyword(s):  
Gypsy Moth ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Quercus Rubra ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Coniferous Species ◽  
Juglans Cinerea ◽  
Ostrya Virginiana ◽  
Carya Ovata ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Late Instar

AbstractIn the summer of 1980, gypsy moth populations were monitored in 13 sparsely infested forests in southwestern Quebec; counts of living and dead larvae and pupae were made on 1,870 trees representing 28 deciduous and one coniferous species. Contrary to our null expectations, the proportionate numbers of pupae compared with larvae on the various host species were not equal. Hosts more preferred by larvae were less preferred by pupae, and vice versa. For example, pupae were disproportionately abundant on host species like Acer pensylvanicum L., Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch, and Juglans cinerea L. which are not generally favored larval hosts. Conversely, favored larval hosts like Quercus rubra L. and Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch carried lower numbers of pupae than expected from the numbers of larvae feeding on them. Such differential utilization of host trees by larvae versus pupae, which can arise either from host-dependent differences in larval mortality or from late instar migration between hosts, may contribute to maintaining the broad polyphagy of gypsy moth larvae.

Effects of endophytic fungi in Mongolian pine on the selection behavior of woodwasp (Sirex noctilio) and the growth of its fungal symbiont

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 492-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Xiang Wang ◽  
Li-Li Ren ◽  
Xiao-Bo Liu ◽  
Juan Shi ◽  
Jing-Zhen Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Symbiont ◽  
Sirex Noctilio ◽  
Selection Behavior
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