Toxicity of Bacterial Isolates on Adults of Zaprionus indianus (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and Parasitoids Trichopria anastrephae (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) and Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (6) ◽  
pp. 2817-2823
Author(s):  
Fernanda Carla Santos Geisler ◽  
Nicole de Souza Cunha ◽  
Liliane Natigal Martins ◽  
Daiana da Costa Oliveira ◽  
Paloma Stupp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Grape Juice ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Zaprionus Indianus ◽  
Hydrolyzed Protein ◽  
Total Fecundity ◽  
Food Attractants

Abstract Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) has demonstrated potential use in insect pest management. We evaluated the toxicity and sublethal effects of formulations of toxic baits composed of bacterial isolates (Bt) B. thuringiensis var. oswaldo cruzi (Bto), B. thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti), B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk), and B. circulars (Bc) in combination with three food attractants 50% grape juice, 7% sugar cane molasses, and 7% hydrolyzed protein on adults of Zaprionus indianus (Gupta, 1970), the main pest of fig fruit (Ficus carica) in Brazil. Likewise, we evaluated the toxicity on the parasitoids Trichopria anastrephae Lima, 1940 and Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani, 1875) in ingestion bioassays. Adults of Z. indianus showed high susceptibility to Bacterial isolates. However, the Bto isolate (1013 CFU. ml−1) caused adult mortality of 100%, in 72 h after exposure, with LT50 values of ≈20 h. By using the lethal concentrations (LC90) of the Bto isolate, estimated via the concentration–response curves with the food attractants, a significant reduction (40 to 50%) in the total fecundity and in the embryonic viability of eggs from females fed with the toxic baits was observed. The food attractants + Bto (80 × 108 CFU. ml−1) did not cause significant mortality of T. anastrephae and P. vindemmiae adults (mortality < 20%). The bacterial isolates Bti, Btk, Bc, and Bto are considered promising for the formulation of toxic baits, because, besides providing toxic effect on adults of Z. indianus, they showed no toxicity on T. anastrephae and P. vindemmiae adults.

Toxicities and Residual Effect of Spinosad and Alpha-Cypermethrin-Based Baits to Replace Malathion for Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) Control

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 1798-1804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cléber Antonio Baronio ◽  
Inana Xavier Schutze ◽  
Marcelo Zanelato Nunes ◽  
Daniel Bernardi ◽  
Ruben Machota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ceratitis Capitata ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
The Other ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Sugarcane Molasses ◽  
Hydrolyzed Protein ◽  
Simulated Rain ◽  
Food Lures

Abstract Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) is the main insect pest of fruits worldwide. The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity and residual effects of the ready-to-use toxic baits Success 0.02CB (0.24 g of active ingredient [a.i.] per liter of spinosad) and Gelsura (6 g of a.i./liter of alpha-cypermethrin) and to compare them with other food lures containing spinosad and malathion mixed with hydrolyzed protein (Biofruit 5% and Flyral 1.25%), Anamed without dilution or sugarcane molasses (7%) against adult C. capitata in laboratory and greenhouse trials. Ceratitis capitata adults were highly susceptible to all toxic bait formulations (mortality > 80%) until 96 h after exposure. The lowest LT50 (hours) of toxic baits were 2.32 (Gelsura at 4,000 mg/liter), 4.26 (Gelsura at 2,000 mg/liter), 4.28 (Anamed + malathion) and 4.89 (sugarcane molasses + malathion), while formulations containing spinosad (Biofruit, Flyral, Anamed and Success 0.02CB) showed LT50 of approximately 11 h. Without rain, Gelsura (2,000 mg/liter) and all spinosad formulations provided mortality superior to 80% 14 d after application. Gelsura and Anamed + spinosad showed higher resistance to a 5-mm simulated rain, similar to Anamed + malathion, while the other formulations had its efficacy decreased. All toxic baits were effective on adult C. capitata in residual experiments without rain while Anamed + spinosad caused high adult mortality after 5 to 25 mm rains. Gelsura and Anamed + spinosad can be used to replace toxic baits containing malathion for C. capitata population management.

scholarly journals Can the botanical azadirachtin replace phased-out soil insecticides in suppressing the soil insect pest Diabrotica virgifera virgifera?

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Toepfer ◽  
Szabolcs Toth ◽  
Mark Szalai
Keyword(s):  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Standard Dose ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Diabrotica Virgifera Virgifera ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Root Damage ◽  
Diabrotica Virgifera ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Soil Insecticides

Abstract Background Due to recent bans on the use of several soil insecticides and insecticidal seed coatings, soil-dwelling insect pests are increasingly difficult to manage. One example is the western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a serious root-feeder of maize (Zea mays). We investigated whether the less problematic botanical azadirachtin, widely used against above-ground insects, could become an option for the control of this soil insect pest. Methods Artificial diet-based bioassays were implemented under standard laboratory conditions to establish dose response curves for the pest larvae. Then, potted-plant experiments were implemented in greenhouse to assess feasibility and efficacy of a novel granular formulation of azadirachtin under more natural conditions and in relation to standard insecticides. Results Bioassays in three repetitions revealed a 3-day LD50 of 22.3 µg azadirachtin/ml which corresponded to 0.45 µg/neonate of D. v. virgifera and a 5-day LD50 of 19.3 µg/ml or 0.39 µg/first to second instar larva. No sublethal effects were observed. The three greenhouse experiments revealed that the currently proposed standard dose of a granular formulation of 38 g azadirachtin/hectare for in-furrow application at sowing is not enough to control D. v. virgifera or to prevent root damage. At 10× standard-dose total pest control was achieved as well as the prevention of most root damage. This was better than the efficacy achieved by cypermethrin-based granules and comparable to tefluthrin-granules, or thiamethoxam seed coatings. The ED50 for suppressing larval populations were estimated at 92 g azadirachtin/ha, for preventing heavy root damage 52 g/ha and for preventing general root damage 220 g/ha. Conclusions There seems clear potential for the development of neem-based botanical soil insecticides for arable crops such as maize. They might become, if doses are increased and more soil insecticides phased out, a promising, safer solution as part of the integrated pest management toolkit against soil insects.

scholarly journals Bacterial Culture Filtrates Antinematode Activity of Abomasum Bacterial Culture Filtrates against Haemonchus contortus in Small Ruminants

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1843
Author(s):  
Asfa Nazish ◽  
Fozia ◽  
Baharullah Khattak ◽  
Taj Ali Khan ◽  
Ijaz Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Bacterial Culture ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Comamonas Testosteroni ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
Culture Filtrates ◽  
Nematode Mortality

Haemonchosis is a parasitic disease of small ruminants that adversely affects livestock production. Haemonchus contortus is one of the most prevalent nematode parasites that infect the abomasum of small ruminants. This parasite reduces milk production, overall growth and sometimes causes the death of the infected animals. The evaluation of the biocontrol potential of some abomasum bacterial isolates against H. contortus is investigated in this study. Out of which, three isolates—Comamonas testosteroni, Comamonas jiangduensis, Pseudomonas weihenstephanesis—show significant effect against the nematode L3, adult, and egg hatch inhibition assays. Various concentrations of metabolites from these bacteria are prepared and applied in different treatments compared with control. In the case of adult mortality assay, 50% metabolites of C. testosteroni and P. weihenstephanesis show 46% adult mortality, whereas C. jiangduensis shows 40% mortality. It is observed that decreasing the concentration of bacterial metabolite, lowers nematode mortality. The minimum nematode mortality rate is recorded at the lowest filtrates concentration of all the bacterial isolates. The same trend is observed in egg hatch inhibition assay, where the higher concentration of bacterial culture filtrates shows 100% inhibition of H. contortus egg. It is concluded that the effect of bacterial culture filtrates against H. contortus is dose-dependent for their activity against nematode L3, adult, and inhibition of egg hatchment.

scholarly journals Effect of food lures for monitoring of Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Acca sellowiana (Myrtaceae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 201
Author(s):  
Joatan Machado da Rosa ◽  
Cristiano João Arioli ◽  
Aline Costa Padilha ◽  
Lenita Agostinetto ◽  
Marcos Botton
Keyword(s):  
Grape Juice ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Capture Efficiency ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Hydrolyzed Protein ◽  
Anastrepha Fraterculus ◽  
Effect Of Food ◽  
Action Thresholds ◽  
Acca Sellowiana

The South American fruit fly, Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) stands out for its polyphagous habit of damaging the production of several fruits in southern Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate the capture efficiency of A. fraterculus using grape juice at different periods of decomposition and aging as well as to test the capture efficiency of the enzymatic hydrolyzed protein Cera Trap® in feijoa crops. The work was conducted in a commercial feijoa orchard in São Joaquim, SC, Brazil during the 2014 growing season. Undiluted Cera Trap®, fresh grape juice and grape juice that had aged for 7 and 14 days were evaluated. All of the treatments with grape juice were used at the recommended concentration of 25 %. McPhail traps were used with 300 mL for each lure. On a weekly basis, the number of adults and the percentage of female fruit flies captured were evaluated, using identification and counting. Cera Trap® was the lure that captured the highest number of fruit flies, with a high percentage of females and with a higher frequency of captures during the season. Cera Trap® also showed the highest number of action thresholds compared to grape juice treatments. The 25 % fresh and aged grape juice showed a low number of captures and a low number of action thresholds. We conclude that fresh and aged grape juice were not effective for capturing and  monitoring A. fraterculus in feijoa orchards. The Cera Trap® lure proves to be an alternative to improve  monitoring of A. fraterculus in orchards in southern Brazil.

scholarly journals Effect of Food Attractants and Insecticide Toxicity for the Control of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Wagner Justiniano ◽  
Marcos Gino Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Dietary Preference ◽  
Hydrolyzed Protein ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
Effect Of Food ◽  
Food Attractants ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

An alternative for the population suppression of Spodoptera frugiperda is the use of toxic baits. The objective of this study was to evaluate the dietary preference and toxic effect of insecticides associated with the attractiveness of S. frugiperda adults as a pest management method. The following attractions were tested: 1) 5% sucrose solution, 2) 10% sugarcane syrup, 3) 10% honey, 4) 5% hydrolyzed protein, 5) Noctovi® 43sb, 6) Noctovi® OVI PLU 1-3, 7) Noctovi® OVI PHE/PAL 50-50 in the study with choice. Attractions: 1) sugarcane syrup 10%, 2) Noctovi® 43sb, 3) Noctovi® 43sb + sugarcane syrup 10%, 4) Noctovi® OVI PLU 1-3 in the study with no chance of choice. For the toxicity study, the food attraction associated with insecticides was used: methomyl 2%, lambda-cyhalothrin 1%, chlorpyriphos 2%, spinosad 1%, chlorantraniliprole 2% and chlorfenapyr 2%. The experimental design was the completely randomized design (CRD) with chance of choice, without chance of choice and toxicity. The following parameters were evaluated: number of insects that fed; time in minutes that remained in the attractive food and mortality. The molasses (10%) and Noctovi® 43sb food attractiveness were significantly more efficient in relation to feeding time and the highest number of landings was observed in the Noctovi® 43sb treatment, both in females and total adults. Methomyl, lambda-cyhalothrin and spinosad insecticides associated with food attractiveness are promising toxic baits for the management of S. frugiperda.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Commonly Used Mosquito Coils Containing Pyrethrin against Lymphatic Filariasis Vector Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) in Gombe

2021 ◽  
pp. 32-39
Author(s):  
Abdulmalik Bala Shuiabu ◽  
Muhammed Ishaku ◽  
Kennedy Poloma Yoriyo ◽  
Ezra Abba ◽  
Ahmadu Bukar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
State University ◽  
Mosquito Coil ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Filariasis Vector ◽  
Significant Mortality ◽  
Insect Repellant

Aims: Mosquito coil is a common insect repellant used in many homes to repel and kill mosquitoes that transmit diseases and another insect pest. The present study was conducted to explore the potency of the commonly used brand of mosquito coil containing pyrethroids against Culex quinquefasciatus in Gombe and its communities. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biological sciences insectary laboratory of Gombe State University, Gombe, Nigeria between August and December 2017. Methodology: Four (4) different brands tagged; C1, C2, C3 and C4 containing 0.08% Merperflutrin, 0.2% Pyrethroids, 0.05% Transflutrine + 0.1% Esbiothrin and 0.25% d-Trans-allethrin respectively were investigated. Ten (10) reared adult mosquitoes were transferred separately into various containers using an aspirator. Data on knockdown time and Adult mortality were recorded.  All the data collected were analyzed using SPSS version 24.0. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the significant difference between the treatments at P=.05.   Results: Merperflutrin 0.08%, Transflutrine 0.05% + Esbiothrin 0.1% and 0.25% d-Transalletrin recorded highest mortality of 100% each and 0.2% Pyrethroids recorded 96% mortality at 24hours of exposure to the treatment respectively. The mortality is time- dependent and all the treatments show significant mortality at P=.05. Transflutrine 0.05% + Esbiothrin 0.1% recorded the lowest KT50 value of 2.41 min. Conclusion: Merperflutrin 0.08%, and Transflutrine 0.05% + Esbiothrin 0.1% have the highest efficacy; faster knockdown rate and could be used as a repellent in minimizing the population of the indoor resting density of mosquitoes’ species in our homes.

Comparison of Hydrolyzed Protein Baits and Various Grape Juice Products as Attractants forAnastrephaFruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)

2015 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Herrera ◽  
E. Miranda ◽  
E. Gómez ◽  
E. Presa-Parra ◽  
R. Lasa
Keyword(s):  
Grape Juice ◽  
Hydrolyzed Protein

Acaricidal and sublethal effects of tobacco leaf and garlic bulb extract and soft soap on Tetranychus urticae Koch. (Acari: Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 2054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rana Akyazi ◽  
Mete Soysal ◽  
Yunus Emre Altunc ◽  
Allan Lisle ◽  
Errol Hassan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tetranychus Urticae ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Garlic Extract ◽  
Soft Soap ◽  
Tobacco Leaf ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Garlic Bulb ◽  
Tetranychus Urticae Koch

The ovicidal, adulticidal and fecundity effects of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) leaf extract, garlic (Allium sativum L.) bulb extract, soft soap and their binary mixtures were investigated against Tetranychus urticae Koch. (Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae) eggs and adult females under controlled conditions [25°C±1, 65±5% R.H. (mean±SD) and a photoperiod of 16L: 8D (Light: Dark)]. The concentrations used for the ovicidal and adulticidal effect were chosen after preliminary bioassays to obtained mortality rates equally distributed between 0%–100%. However, one concentration giving around 50 % percent adult mortality of each compound was tested for fecundity effect. Each stock solution was diluted separately with distilled water to give the desired different concentrations of each extract. The results showed that the tobacco leaf extract, the soft soap and the garlic extract+soap mixture were the most toxic against adult females. Although the garlic bulb extract had the lowest toxic effect, its mixtures with the soft soap and tobacco extract showed higher toxicity against the adults. Moreover, the tobacco application at the tested dose significantly reduced the T. urticae fecundity. It is also determined that the tobacco leaf and garlic bulb extracts have potential to be used in the control of T. urticae eggs. On the other hand, the ovicidal activity of soft soap can be increased by addition of the garlic extract.  However, further investigation is needed to assess their phytotoxicity under greenhouse and field conditions. The efficacy of these compounds to natural enemies should also be measured. 

scholarly journals Methyl Benzoate as a Putative Alternative, Environmentally Friendly Fumigant for the Control of Stored Product Insects

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 2458-2468 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R Morrison ◽  
Nicholas L Larson ◽  
Daniel Brabec ◽  
Aijun Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Methyl Benzoate ◽  
Rhyzopertha Dominica ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Trogoderma Variabile ◽  
Potential Alternative

Abstract Historically, stored product insect pest management has been based around the use of methyl bromide and phosphine as fumigants. However, methyl bromide has been phased out for structural fumigations, and there is increasing worldwide insecticide resistance to phosphine. One potential alternative, environmentally friendly option is the use of methyl benzoate (MBe), which is considered a food safe compound. In this study, we evaluated the direct and sublethal effects of MBe exposure on the survivorship and mobility of four stored product species with diverse life histories, including Rhyzopertha dominica, Tribolium castaneum, Sitophilus zeamais, and Trogoderma variabile. Sets of insects were exposed to a control, low, or high MBe concentrations in flasks with or without food for 24 or 72 h in the laboratory. Furthermore, we assessed phosphine exposure under similar conditions. Overall, R. dominica was the most susceptible to MBe exposure, followed by T. castaneum. By contrast, S. zeamais and T. variabile were relatively unaffected by MBe exposure. Exposure to MBe induced multiple-fold decreases in the total distance moved and velocity of adults still considered alive or affected after assays. By comparison, phosphine effectively killed all individuals of all species. Our data suggest that while MBe was effective for R. dominica, it was not competitive in comparison to phosphine for controlling susceptible strains of these species at the specified experimental conditions.

scholarly journals NOVEL APPLICATION OF TRICHILIA HEUDELOTII PLANCH: EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT POLARITY OF ORGANIC SOLVENTS OF LEAF AND STEM BARK EXTRACTS ON THE CONTROL OF COWPEA BEETLE

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-296
Author(s):  
R.O. UDDIN II ◽  
G.V. AWOLOLA ◽  
S. MUSTAPHA ◽  
O.H. ABDULAZEEZ ◽  
O.T. ILESANMI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Solvents ◽  
Callosobruchus Maculatus ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Synthetic Chemicals ◽  
Polar Extracts ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

Callosobruchus maculatus (cowpea beetle) is a field-to-store pest causing over 90% losses of cowpea. The search for new plant-derived crop protectant that can be explored as alternative to synthetic pesticides is urgently needed. Thus, the phytochemical screening, as well as the bioactivity of different polarity of organic solvents of leaf and stembark extracts of Trichilia heudelotii (Meliaceae), was investigated against the field-to-store insect pest Callosobruchus maculatus in laboratory bioassay. The non-polar (hexane) and polar (ethanol) extracts [0.0 (control), 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 ml] of the leaf and stem bark were added to 100 g of cowpea. The following parameters of the cowpea weevil life cycle were analysed at the various concentrations: adult mortality, oviposition rate, number of larvae and pupae, and emergence of first filial progeny. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins in both the non-polar and polar extracts. Furthermore, the various treatments used were significantly (p< 0.05) effective in controlling C. maculatus from 1 and also 30 days after treatment (DAT) for both the non-polar and polar extracts when compared to the control. However, the most effective treatment was observed with the polar (EtOH) stem bark extract at 1.5 ml, which caused more mortalities and fewer emergence of the insect. Our findings suggest that the non-polar and polar leaf and stem bark of T. heudelotii extracts could serve as a sustainable and potential alternative to synthetic chemicals in pest control.

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