scholarly journals Methyl Benzoate as a Putative Alternative, Environmentally Friendly Fumigant for the Control of Stored Product Insects

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 2458-2468 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R Morrison ◽  
Nicholas L Larson ◽  
Daniel Brabec ◽  
Aijun Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Methyl Benzoate ◽  
Rhyzopertha Dominica ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Trogoderma Variabile ◽  
Potential Alternative

Abstract Historically, stored product insect pest management has been based around the use of methyl bromide and phosphine as fumigants. However, methyl bromide has been phased out for structural fumigations, and there is increasing worldwide insecticide resistance to phosphine. One potential alternative, environmentally friendly option is the use of methyl benzoate (MBe), which is considered a food safe compound. In this study, we evaluated the direct and sublethal effects of MBe exposure on the survivorship and mobility of four stored product species with diverse life histories, including Rhyzopertha dominica, Tribolium castaneum, Sitophilus zeamais, and Trogoderma variabile. Sets of insects were exposed to a control, low, or high MBe concentrations in flasks with or without food for 24 or 72 h in the laboratory. Furthermore, we assessed phosphine exposure under similar conditions. Overall, R. dominica was the most susceptible to MBe exposure, followed by T. castaneum. By contrast, S. zeamais and T. variabile were relatively unaffected by MBe exposure. Exposure to MBe induced multiple-fold decreases in the total distance moved and velocity of adults still considered alive or affected after assays. By comparison, phosphine effectively killed all individuals of all species. Our data suggest that while MBe was effective for R. dominica, it was not competitive in comparison to phosphine for controlling susceptible strains of these species at the specified experimental conditions.

scholarly journals Methyl Benzoate Is Superior to Other Natural Fumigants for Controlling the Indian Meal Moth (Plodia interpunctella)

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Md Munir Mostafiz ◽  
Errol Hassan ◽  
Rajendra Acharya ◽  
Jae-Kyoung Shim ◽  
Kyeong-Yeoll Lee
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Plodia Interpunctella ◽  
Methyl Benzoate ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Contact Toxicity ◽  
Fumigant Toxicity ◽  
Indian Meal Moth ◽  
Indian Meal ◽  
Food Commodities

The Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is an insect pest that commonly affects stored and postharvest agricultural products. For the control of insect pests and mites, methyl benzoate (MBe) is lethal as a fumigant and also causes contact toxicity; although it has already been established as a food-safe natural product, the fumigation toxicity of MBe has yet to be demonstrated in P. interpunctella. Herein, we evaluated MBe as a potential fumigant for controlling adults of P. interpunctella in two bioassays. Compared to the monoterpenes examined under laboratory conditions, MBe demonstrated high fumigant activity using a 1-L glass bottle at 1 μL/L air within 4 h of exposure. The median lethal concentration (LC50) of MBe was 0.1 μL/L air; the median lethal time (LT50) of MBe at 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 1 μL/L air was 3.8, 3.3, 2.8, and 2.0 h, respectively. Compared with commercially available monoterpene compounds used in pest control, MBe showed the highest fumigant toxicity (toxicity order as follows): MBe > citronellal > linalool > 1,8 cineole > limonene. Moreover, in a larger space assay, MBe caused 100% mortality of P. interpunctella at 0.01 μL/cm3 of air after 24 h of exposure. Therefore, MBe can be recommended for use in food security programs as an ecofriendly alternative fumigant. Specifically, it provides another management tool for curtailing the loss of stored food commodities due to P. interpunctella infestation.

scholarly journals Life histories of an invasive and native ladybird under field experimental conditions in a temperate climate

2018 ◽  
Vol 166 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Lidwien Raak-van den Berg ◽  
Peter W. de Jong ◽  
Gerrit Gort ◽  
Bryan F.J. Manly ◽  
Joop C. van Lenteren
Keyword(s):  
Life Histories ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Experimental Conditions

scholarly journals Research on Key Technology of Electrochemical Sterilization and Physical Application for Circulating Cooling Water

2021 ◽  
Vol 2083 (2) ◽  
pp. 022068
Author(s):  
Xiaohui Wang ◽  
Chunyan Song ◽  
Xueying Xie ◽  
Nan Zhang ◽  
Ruiqing Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Fields ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Cooling Water ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Electrode Spacing ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Circulating Cooling Water

Abstract As a high-efficiency, low-cost, convenient and environmentally friendly sterilization technology, electrochemical disinfection has developed rapidly in recent years. Electrochemical sterilization is an environmentally friendly sterilization technology. The research progress of this technology in the recent 30 years in sterilization mechanism and electrode materials is summarized. The mechanism of electrochemical sterilization includes the chemical effects of active chlorine, active intermediates, copper or silver ions, and the physical effects of electric fields; the electrode materials used are titanium anode, carbon cathode, and anode. The article combined with electrochemical equipment in a thermal power plant cold open circulating cooling water treatment experiment. Experimental research found that under the conditions of current density of 120A/m2, residence time of 10s, and electrode spacing of 1.8cm, the bactericidal effect can reach 97%. Under certain experimental conditions and a certain period of time, the total number of heterogeneous bacteria in the circulating cooling water after treatment can be effectively inhibited.

Methyl Bromide Emissions from a Covered Field: I. Experimental Conditions and Degradation in Soil

1996 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 184-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Yates ◽  
J. Gan ◽  
F. F. Ernst ◽  
A. Mutziger ◽  
M. V. Yates
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Degradation In Soil

Variation in tolerance of seven species of stored product Coleoptera to methyl bromide and phosphine in strains from twenty-nine countries

1981 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara D. Hole
Keyword(s):  
Tribolium Castaneum ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Rhyzopertha Dominica ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Sitophilus Granarius ◽  
Concentration Time ◽  
Large Populations

AbstractThe toxicities at 25°C and 70% RH of methyl bromide at about 4 mg/litre and phosphine at about 0·24 mg/litre were determined for large populations, including all developmental stages, of a number of strains of seven species of stored product beetles from 29 countries for a range of exposure periods. The species tested were Oryzaephilus surmamensis (L.), Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), Sitophilus granarius (L.), S. oryzae (L.), S. zeamais Motsch., Tribolium castaneum (Hbst.) and T. confusum Duv. With both fumigants, some individuals of certain strains of S. oryzae and T. castaneum survived a concentration × time product twice that sufficient to kill every individual of other strains of these species, and this was also true for R. dominica with methyl bromide and T. confusum with phosphine. With methyl bromide, some individuals of six species survived the longest exposure used. For the two species of Tribolium, this was 48 h, and for the three of Sitophilus and R. dominica it was 32 h. With phosphine, individuals in many strains of S. granarius, S. oryzae and S. zeamais survived for 8 days. In several of the species, there was some correlation between the tolerances of immature stages and of adults for both fumigants. Many strains were tolerant to both fumigants.

scholarly journals Risk and Toxicity Assessment of a Potential Natural Insecticide, Methyl Benzoate, in Honey Bees (Apis mellifera L.)

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 382
Author(s):  
Yu-Cheng Zhu ◽  
Yanhua Wang ◽  
Maribel Portilla ◽  
Katherine Parys ◽  
Wenhong Li
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bees ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Toxicity Assessment ◽  
Adverse Impact ◽  
Methyl Benzoate ◽  
Detoxification Enzymes ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Proper Formulation ◽  
Potential Alternative

Methyl benzoate (MB) is a component of bee semiochemicals. Recent discovery of insecticidal activity of MB against insect pests provides a potential alternative to chemical insecticides. The aim of this study was to examine any potential adverse impact of MB on honey bees. By using two different methods, a spray for contact and feeding for oral toxicity, LC50s were 236.61 and 824.99 g a.i./L, respectively. The spray toxicity was 2002-fold and 173,163-fold lower than that of imidacloprid and abamectin. Piperonyl butoxide (PBO, inhibiting P450 oxidases [P450]) significantly synergized MB toxicity in honey bees, indicating P450s are the major MB-detoxification enzymes for bees. Assessing additive/synergistic interactions indicated that MB synergistically or additively aggravated the toxicity of all four insecticides (representing four different classes) in honey bees. Another adverse effect of MB in honey bees was the significant decrease of orientation and flight ability by approximately 53%. Other influences of MB included minor decrease of sucrose consumption, minor increase of P450 enzymatic activity, and little to no effect on esterase and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities. By providing data from multiple experiments, we have substantially better understanding how important the P450s are in detoxifying MB in honey bees. MB could adversely affect feeding and flight in honey bees, and may interact with many conventional insecticides to aggravate toxicity to bees. However, MB is a relatively safe chemical to bees. Proper formulation and optimizing proportion of MB in mixtures may be achievable to enhance efficacy against pests and minimize adverse impact of MB on honey bees.

scholarly journals Weed Control in Strawberry Provided by Shank- and Drip-applied Methyl Bromide Alternative Fumigants

HortScience ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.A. Fennimore ◽  
M.J. Haar ◽  
H.A. Ajwa
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Drip Irrigation System ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Metam Sodium ◽  
Polygonum Aviculare ◽  
Potential Alternative

The loss of methyl bromide (MB) as a soil fumigant has created the need for new weed management systems for crops such as strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duchesne). Potential alternative chemicals to replace methyl bromide fumigation include 1,3-D, chloropicrin (CP), and metam sodium. Application of emulsified formulations of these fumigants through the drip irrigation system is being tested as an alternative to the standard shank injection method of fumigant application in strawberry production. The goal of this research was to evaluate the weed control efficacy of alternative fumigants applied through the drip irrigation system and by shank injection. The fumigant 1,3-D in a mixture with CP was drip-applied as InLine (60% 1,3-D plus 32% CP) at 236 and 393 L·ha-1 or shank injected as Telone C35 (62% 1,3-D plus 35% CP) at 374 L·ha-1. Chloropicrin (CP EC, 95%) was drip-applied singly at 130 and 200 L·ha-1 or shank injected (CP, 99%) at 317 kg·ha-1. Vapam HL (metam sodium 42%) was drip-applied singly at 420 and 700 L·ha-1. InLine was drip-applied at 236 and 393 L·ha-1, and then 6 d later followed by (fb) drip-applied Vapam HL at 420 and 700 L·ha-1, respectively. CP EC was drip-applied simultaneously with Vapam HL at 130 plus 420 L·ha-1 and as a sequential application at 200 fb 420 L·ha-1, respectively. Results were compared to the commercial standard, MB : CP mixture (67:33) shank-applied at 425 kg·ha-1 and the untreated control. Chloropicrin EC at 200 L·ha-1 and InLine at 236 to 393 L·ha-1 each applied singly controlled weeds as well as MB : CP at 425 kg·ha-1. Application of these fumigants through the drip irrigation systems provided equal or better weed control than equivalent rates applied by shank injection. InLine and CP EC efficacy on little mallow (Malva parviflora L.) or prostrate knotweed (Polygonum aviculare L.) seed buried at the center of the bed did not differ from MB : CP. However, the percentage of weed seed survival at the edge of the bed was often higher in the drip-applied treatments than in the shank-applied treatments, possibly due to the close proximity of the shank-injected fumigant to the edge of the bed. Vapam HL was generally less effective than MB : CP on the native weed population or on weed seed. The use of Vapam HL in combination with InLine or CP EC did not provide additional weed control benefit. Chemical names used: 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D); sodium N-methyldithiocarbamate (metam sodium); methyl bromide; trichloro-nitromethane (chloropicrin).

scholarly journals Relative Performance of Strawberry Cultivars from California and other North American Sources in Fumigated and Nonfumigated Soils

1996 ◽  
Vol 121 (5) ◽  
pp. 764-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas V. Shaw ◽  
Kirk D. Larson
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
North American ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Variance Component ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Selection History ◽  
Strawberry Cultivars

Performance characteristics for eighteen strawberry cultivars (Fragaria ×ananassa), nine from California and nine from other North American sources, were evaluated in annual hill culture, with and without preplant soil fumigation (2 methyl bromide : 1 chloropicrin, 392 kg·ha-1). Plants grown in nonfumigated soil yielded 57% and 46% of the fruit produced by plants on adjacent fumigated soil for cultivars from California and other North American origins, respectively. Plants in nonfumigated soils also developed fruit with lower berry weight (94% and 95% of fumigated trials) and smaller spring plant diameter (83% and 76%) for California and other sources, respectively. Trait values for exotic cultivars ranged from 39% to 80% of those for California cultivars, and the variance component due to germplasm sources explained 41% to 81% of the phenotypic variance of random effects in the experiment. Conversely, significant germplasm source × fumigation interactions were not detected for any of the growth or performance traits evaluated, and the proportion of variance attributable to these interactions was at most 2% of that due to germplasm source. These results demonstrate that strawberry growth and productivity for California and other North American germplasm sources are increased similarly by fumigation. Despite differing selection history, germplasm developed outside of California contains no obvious genetic diversity useful for developing cultivars specifically adapted to the sublethal effects of organisms in nonfumigated soils.

scholarly journals Can the botanical azadirachtin replace phased-out soil insecticides in suppressing the soil insect pest Diabrotica virgifera virgifera?

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Toepfer ◽  
Szabolcs Toth ◽  
Mark Szalai
Keyword(s):  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Standard Dose ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Diabrotica Virgifera Virgifera ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Root Damage ◽  
Diabrotica Virgifera ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Soil Insecticides

Abstract Background Due to recent bans on the use of several soil insecticides and insecticidal seed coatings, soil-dwelling insect pests are increasingly difficult to manage. One example is the western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a serious root-feeder of maize (Zea mays). We investigated whether the less problematic botanical azadirachtin, widely used against above-ground insects, could become an option for the control of this soil insect pest. Methods Artificial diet-based bioassays were implemented under standard laboratory conditions to establish dose response curves for the pest larvae. Then, potted-plant experiments were implemented in greenhouse to assess feasibility and efficacy of a novel granular formulation of azadirachtin under more natural conditions and in relation to standard insecticides. Results Bioassays in three repetitions revealed a 3-day LD50 of 22.3 µg azadirachtin/ml which corresponded to 0.45 µg/neonate of D. v. virgifera and a 5-day LD50 of 19.3 µg/ml or 0.39 µg/first to second instar larva. No sublethal effects were observed. The three greenhouse experiments revealed that the currently proposed standard dose of a granular formulation of 38 g azadirachtin/hectare for in-furrow application at sowing is not enough to control D. v. virgifera or to prevent root damage. At 10× standard-dose total pest control was achieved as well as the prevention of most root damage. This was better than the efficacy achieved by cypermethrin-based granules and comparable to tefluthrin-granules, or thiamethoxam seed coatings. The ED50 for suppressing larval populations were estimated at 92 g azadirachtin/ha, for preventing heavy root damage 52 g/ha and for preventing general root damage 220 g/ha. Conclusions There seems clear potential for the development of neem-based botanical soil insecticides for arable crops such as maize. They might become, if doses are increased and more soil insecticides phased out, a promising, safer solution as part of the integrated pest management toolkit against soil insects.

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