Timing the Implementation of Cultural Practices for Spissistilus festinus (Hemiptera: Membracidae) in California Vineyards Using a Stage-Structured Degree-Day Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (5) ◽  
pp. 2558-2562
Author(s):  
Emily N Bick ◽  
Cindy R Kron ◽  
Frank G Zalom
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Cultural Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Wine Quality ◽  
Degree Day ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Spissistilus Festinus

Abstract The three-cornered alfalfa hopper, Spissistilus festinus (Say), was shown to transmit Grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV), the causative agent for Grapevine red blotch disease, in a greenhouse study on grapes. GRBV is a major concern of wine grape growers due to its economic impact on wine quality. Plants in the family Fabaceae are preferred hosts of S. festinus and are commonly planted as cover crops or present in a vineyard’s native vegetation. In late winter, during grapevine dormancy, S. festinus migrate into vineyards to feed and reproduce on these cover crop and weed hosts. Tilling vineyard floor vegetation provides growers an opportunity to disrupt the life cycle of early instars that are relatively immobile, reducing the S. festinus first-generation population. Nymphal presence is difficult to detect. First through third instars were not detected in sweep net samples in a 2-yr weekly sampling study, whereas fourth and fifth instars were first found on the same sample date as emerging adults. A degree-day model was developed and successfully predicted when early S. festinus instars are present in the vineyard to aid in exploiting the time period when S. festinus is most susceptible to cultural control measures.

scholarly journals Spissistilus festinus (Hemiptera: Membracidae) susceptibility to six generalist predators

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0242775
Author(s):  
Cindy R. Kron ◽  
Mark S. Sisterson
Keyword(s):  
Petri Dish ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Biocontrol Agents ◽  
Bean Plant ◽  
Sugar Accumulation ◽  
Generalist Predators ◽  
Wine Quality ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Spissistilus Festinus ◽  
Significant Mortality

Spissistilus festinus (Say) (Hemiptera: Membracidae) was shown to transmit Grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV) in a greenhouse study. Grapevines infected with GRBV exhibit reduced sugar accumulation, altered secondary metabolite production and delayed berry maturation that negatively impacts wine quality and economics. Augmentative biocontrol may be a useful integrated pest management (IPM) tool for suppressing S. festinus populations in vineyards, but minimal research has been conducted on testing potential predators against the different life stages of S. festinus. The susceptibility of S. festinus adults and nymphs (1st through 5th instar) to predation by six commercially available biocontrol agents in petri dish and bell bean plant arenas was determined under greenhouse conditions. No significant mortality of S. festinus nymphs or adults occurred when exposed to Cryptolaemus montrouzieri adults, C. montrouzieri larvae and Sympherobius barberi adults in petri dish or bell bean plant arenas. Significant mortality of 1st and 2nd instar nymphs of S. festinus in the presence of Zelus renardii nymphs was observed in petri dish but not in bell bean arenas. Hippodamia convergens adults and Chrysoperla rufilabris larvae both consumed a significant number of S. festinus nymphs in petri dish and bell bean arenas. No significant predation of S. festinus adults was documented in this experiment. Results of this study aid in identifying predators that may be suitable candidates for additional field testing to determine their potential efficacy as biocontrol agents of S. festinus in a vineyard setting.

scholarly journals Weed management in tropical turfgrass areas: A review

2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 597-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamal Uddin ◽  
Shukor Juraimi ◽  
Razi Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Material Selection ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Cultural Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Moisture Management

Cultural practices promoting vigorous, environmentally friendly dense turf are discussed. These are the most important and least recognized means of preventing weed establishment and encroachment which includes appropriate propagation material selection, sanitation and cultivation, adjustment of planting time, manual weed control (hand pulling, hoeing and rouging), turfgrass selection to better compete with weed populations, applying physiological stresses, fertilizer management, moisture management, mowing, and irrigation with salt water. Cultural management of weed is important because it reduces dependence on synthetic pesticides. A healthy turfgrass stand has been reported to be the best defense against weed colonization, and can be accomplished by proper mowing, watering, and fertilization. Mowing height is the clearest and best-documented cultural factor and a lower mowing height is always associated with more weeds in the turfgrass. Split application of fertilizer at intervals throughout the growing period is recommended for warm season turfgrasses. The application of fertilizer during dormant periods or periods of low growth may encourage weed growth. Hand pulling and hoeing effectively control annual and biennial seedling weeds for small areas. Irrigation by saltwater has been one method used recently to effectively control grassy broadleaved and sedge weeds in salt-tolerant turfgrass species. Cultural weed management practices in turf might provide a first defense: however, relying only on cultural control measures may not be a good idea. An integrated approach of combining cultural practices and chemicals can complement each other and give flexibility to decision making. Research is needed on optimizing the choices of herbicide and/or cultural practices as part of an integrated management system for turfgrass.

Assessing soil characteristics and potentially toxic elements (Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu, Cr, Pb, Zn) in the topsoil and the vine leaves (Vitis vinifera) in a sloping vineyard (Tállya, NE Hungary)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samdandorj Manaljav ◽  
Andrea Farsang ◽  
Péter Balling ◽  
Izabella Babcsányi
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Hungarian Academy ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

<p>Intense soil erosion in sloping vineyards can substantially change the spatial quality patterns of soil that may ultimately affect plant nutrition. Our study aimed to assess spatial patterns of topsoil quality and evaluate if the topsoil-bound potentially toxic element (PTE) contents are linked with those in vine leaves. The study was conducted at a 0.4 ha plot in Tállya (in Tokaj-Hegyalja, NE Hungary), where Cambisol is the main soil type. Ploughing is regularly practiced in the vineyard, while no cover-crops are used, and sedimented soil material from the footslope area is occasionally redistributed on the hillslope. A total of 20 topsoil samples (0-10 cm) and 11 vine leaf (Vitis vinifera) samples were collected in May 2020. The moderately acidic soil (pH(d.w.): 6.12-6.92) developed on a magmatic base rock (rhyolite) showed high gravel contents ranging from 31% to 48%, a low to moderate soil organic matter (SOM) content with a mean of 1.49%, low carbonate contents (0.4-2.01%), and clay loam texture at the hillslope, while sandy clay loam at the footslope. The concentrations of bioavailable  Fe, Mn, and Cu (extracted in 0.05 M NH<sub>4</sub>-EDTA) showed high ranges in the soil: 62–258 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>, 40-114 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> and 46-110 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. On the other hand, Zn, Pb, Ni, and Cr concentrations were low with mean±stdev: 6±4 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> for Zn, 4±1 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> for Pb, 1.5±0.5 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> for Ni, and 0.1±0.1 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> for Cr. Increased Cu bioavailability can be explained by the regular use of Cu-based pesticides. The highest total PTE contents in vine leaves were observed for those PTE that are important micronutrients for vine plants (mean±stdev): 90±13 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> of Fe, 167±88 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> of Mn, 15±15 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> of Cu and 31±6 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> of Zn.  Zinc and Mn concentrations in leaf samples were markedly greater than their bioavailable contents in the topsoil. In contrast, lower levels of Fe and Cu prevailed in the leaves compared to their topsoil-bound bioavailable contents. Only Mn showed a significant correlation in the vine leaves and the topsoil (r=0.62).</p><p>Spatial distribution maps of the measured basic soil parameters and the bioavailable PTE contents were prepared by inverse distance weighting and ordinary kriging methods. The maps showed higher concentrations of PTEs at the summit and the shoulder of the hillslope, while lower concentrations were found at the backslope and footslope zones. The SOM showed the highest loads at the summit and the toeslope zones, while increased gravel contents were found at the backslope, confirming the effects of soil erosion dynamics and cultural practices. Our study shows that cultural practices and the lack of erosion control measures in the vineyard significantly influenced the spatial variability of topsoil characteristics and bioavailable PTEs. </p><ul><li>I. B. is grateful for the support of the Premium Postdoctoral Research Program of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. The research received funds from the OTKA 1K 116981.</li> </ul>

New Technologies to Combat Herbicide Resistance

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-92
Author(s):  
Rob Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Cultural Control ◽  
Arable Farming ◽  
The Uk

Herbicide resistance in problem weeds is now a major threat to global food production, being particularly widespread in wild grasses affecting cereal crops. In the UK, black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides) holds the title of number one agronomic problem in winter wheat, with the loss of production associated with herbicide resistance now estimated to cost the farming sector at least £0.5 billion p.a. Black-grass presents us with many of the characteristic traits of a problem weed; being highly competitive, genetically diverse and obligately out-crossing, with a growth habit that matches winter wheat. With the UK’s limited arable crop rotations and the reliance on the repeated use of a very limited range of selective herbicides we have been continuously performing a classic Darwinian selection for resistance traits in weeds that possess great genetic diversity and plasticity in their growth habits. The result has been inevitable; the steady rise of herbicide resistance across the UK, which now affects over 2.1 million hectares of some of our best arable land. Once the resistance genie is out of the bottle, it has proven difficult to prevent its establishment and spread. With the selective herbicide option being no longer effective, the options are to revert to cultural control; changing rotations and cover crops, manual rogueing of weeds, deep ploughing and chemical mulching with total herbicides such as glyphosate. While new precision weeding technologies are being developed, their cost and scalability in arable farming remains unproven. As an agricultural scientist who has spent a working lifetime researching selective weed control, we seem to be giving up on a technology that has been a foundation stone of the green revolution. For me it begs the question, are we really unable to use modern chemical and biological technology to counter resistance? I would argue the answer to that question is most patently no; solutions are around the corner if we choose to develop them.

CONTROLLING SUFETULA SPP.: A COCONUT INSECT PEST ON PEAT SOILS

2007 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. BONNEAU ◽  
M. HUSNI ◽  
L. BEAUDOIN-OLLIVIER ◽  
JOKO SUSILO
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pest ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Cultural Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Depressive Effect ◽  
Moss Cover ◽  
Adult Insect ◽  
The Impact

We demonstrated experimentally that Sufetula, a root-mining insect, has a depressive effect on coconut yields on peat soils. The impact of the pest resulted in a shortfall in earnings that warranted taking control measures. We considered control methods suitable for rehabilitating infested mature coconut plantings and for preserving young coconut plantings. Currently, cultural control is the only effective method. It involves eliminating all identified shelters for the adult insect, i.e. fern cover and heaps of coconut waste (dry fronds and husks). The aim is to achieve totally bare soil, with moss cover that does not attract the pest, or planted with an unattractive intercrop such as pineapple.

Papuana huebneri (taro beetle).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Whittaker
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Metarhizium Anisopliae ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Solomon Islands ◽  
Cultural Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Loss Of Genetic Diversity

Abstract Papuana huebneri is one of at least 19 species of known taro beetles native to the Indo-Pacific region; it is native to Papua New Guinea, the Molucca Islands in Indonesia, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, and has been introduced to Kiribati. Taro (Colocasia esculenta) is an important crop in these countries; high infestations of P. huebneri can completely destroy taro corms, and low infestations can reduce their marketability. The beetle also attacks swamp taro or babai (Cyrtosperma chamissonis [Cyrtosperma merkusii]), which is grown for consumption on ceremonial occasions. Infestations of taro beetles, including P. huebneri, have led to the abandonment of taro and swamp taro pits in the Solomon Islands and Kiribati, resulting in the loss of genetic diversity of these crops and undermining cultural traditions. P. huebneri also attacks a variety of other plants, although usually less seriously. Management today relies on an integrated pest management strategy, combining cultural control measures with the use of insecticides and the fungal pathogen Metarhizium anisopliae.

scholarly journals Effect of Cultural Practices on Neopamera bilobata in Relation to Fruit Injury and Marketable Yields in Organic Strawberries

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 843
Author(s):  
Hannah R. Talton ◽  
Elena M. Rhodes ◽  
Carlene A. Chase ◽  
Marilyn E. Swisher ◽  
Justin M. Renkema ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Management Recommendations ◽  
Type Of Injury

The strawberry seed bug, Neopamera bilobata (Say), is an emerging pest of organic and conventional strawberries in Florida. There is limited information on this Rhyparochromidae species. Thus, the type of injury caused is not clearly documented and management recommendations are lacking. In this study, we evaluated the effect of strawberry cultivars, cover crops, and the presence of runners on N. bilobata populations and yield. We also investigated the effect of select cultivars and the presence of runners on N. bilobata injury levels. In addition, we used fruit bagging experiments to investigate the effects of N. bilobata population and life stage (nymph vs. adult) on strawberry fruits. There was no effect of cover crop or cultivar on N. bilobata populations. In the 2017–2018 season, strawberry plots with runners contained higher N. bilobata populations compared with plots without runners, and adult infestation was significantly higher than nymphal infestation. In the 2018–2019 season, the trend was reversed with higher numbers of N. bilobata collected in plots with runners removed. In the 2019–2020 season, there was no significant difference in N. bilobata populations in plots with and without runners. In both 2018–2019 and 2019–2020, nymphal infestation was higher than adult infestation. Less injury was recorded in “Florida Brilliance” compared with the other cultivars tested. In the 2019–2020 season, less injury was recorded from plots without runners while the difference was not significant in 2017–2018 or 2018–2019. Releasing five and ten adult N. bilobata on ripe (red) fruit produced a similar level of injury while no injury to unripe (green) fruit was observed. Both adults and nymphs cause injury to ripe fruit. These findings can help contribute to the development of an integrated pest management program for strawberry N. bilobata.

Adoption of Best Management Practices for Herbicide-Resistant Weeds in Midsouthern United States Cotton, Rice, and Soybean

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 788-797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilpreet S. Riar ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy ◽  
Lawrence E. Steckel ◽  
Daniel O. Stephenson ◽  
Thomas W. Eubank ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Direct Mail ◽  
Rice Seed ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Row Crops ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Best Management

In fall 2011, cotton and soybean consultants from Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee were surveyed through direct mail and on-farm visits, and rice consultants from Arkansas and Mississippi were surveyed through direct mail to assess the importance and level of implementation of herbicide resistance best management practices (HR-BMPs) for herbicide-resistant weeds. Proper herbicide timing, clean start with no weeds at planting, application of multiple effective herbicide modes of action, use of full labeled herbicide rates, and prevention of crop weed seed production with importance rating of ≥ 4.6 out of 5.0 were perceived as the most important HR-BMPs in all crops. Purchase of certified rice seed was on 90% of scouted hectares. In contrast, least important HR-BMPs as perceived by consultants with importance ratings of ≤ 4.0 in cotton, ≤ 3.7 in rice, and ≤ 3.8 in soybean were cultural practices such as manual removal of weeds; tillage including disking, cultivation, or deep tillage; narrow (≤ 50 cm)-row crops, cover crops, and altered planting dates. Narrow crop rows and cover crops in cotton; altered planting dates in cotton and soybean; and cleaning of farm equipment and manual weeding in rice and soybean is currently employed on ≤ 20% of scouted hectares. Extra costs, time constraints, adverse weather conditions, lack of labor and equipment, profitability, herbicide-related concerns, and complacency were perceived as key obstacles for adoption of most HR-BMPs. With limited adoption of most cultural practices that reduce risks of herbicide-resistant weeds, there are opportunities to educate growers concerning the proactive need and long-term benefits of adopting HR-BMPs to ensure sustainable weed management and profitable crop production.

Phosphorus in runoff from a fertile dairy pasture

Soil Research ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 419 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Nash ◽  
Craig Murdoch
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Runoff Volume ◽  
Total Runoff ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Total P

Losses of phosphorus (P) from grazed pastures in runoff can significantly reduce the water quality in streams draining agricultural catchments. Many preventative strategies depend for their success on the association of the P with large soil particles (>0·45 mm). We investigated the forms of P in runoff from a dairy pasture of high fertility. A 3·6-ha paddock at Darnum in West Gippsland, Victoria, was set up to measure runoff volume and rainfall, and to sample runoff water. Runoff from the site was restricted to 3 months in late winter and spring. Total runoff for 1994 of 660 m3 had an average total P concentration of 5·2 mg/L. Runoff from a single storm system over 8 days in early November accounted for 56% of the total runoff volume and 69% of the P lost. Of the total P in the runoff, 93% passed through a filter with 0·45-µm pores and 91% was reactive in an ascorbic acid–molybdate medium, without digestion; 89% of the P was both reactive in the ascorbic acid{molybdate medium and in the <0·45-µm fraction. There was no apparent relationship (P > 0·05) between P concentration and soil cover. In the Darnum catchment, the major runoff events occurred when the soil was saturated. The low settling velocities of materials <0·45 µm and the amount of P moving in larger storms would suggest that buffer strips and riparian zones are unlikely to decrease P losses substantially from dairy pastures in this area. Further, since erosion is unlikely to be the major process by which P is lost, control measures which simply limit erosion will be similarly ineffective at preventing P losses under the conditions that prevailed in this study.

scholarly journals Legume Cover Crop Effects on Temperate Sugarcane Yields and Their Decomposition in Soil

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 703
Author(s):  
Paul M. White ◽  
Gregory Williams ◽  
Howard P. Viator ◽  
Ryan P. Viator ◽  
Charles L. Webber
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
The Us ◽  
Legume Cover Crops ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Sunn Hemp ◽  
Legume Cover Crop

Sugarcane is commercially produced on 340,000 ha in the US and is valued at over $1 billion US annually. Cultural practices that improve sugarcane sustainability are needed to maintain yields in fields with degraded soils. Historically, leguminous rotation crops provided organic matter and biologically fixed nitrogen (N) for subsequent sugarcane crops. Currently, sugarcane is usually grown as a monoculture with only a short, 6-month fallow period. The objective of these field studies was to determine how growing cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) and sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) as cover crops during fallow affected the yield of subsequent sugarcane crops. A companion laboratory study investigated the decomposition rate of cover crops in soil at different temperatures. Cowpea and sunn hemp production produced 12.8 t/ha dry matter and 250 kg N/ha. Cowpea generally improved plant cane yields, but the effects of sunn hemp varied. However, neither cowpea nor sunn hemp reduced cane or sucrose yields consistently, and mineral N additions may have a role in mitigating yield gains or losses. Based on laboratory data, the average half-life for cowpea and sunn hemp would be 3 months. Overall, using legume cover crops should be viewed as an important component of sustainable sugarcane practices.

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