Gumming Up The Works: Field Tests of a New Food-Grade Gum as Behavioral Disruptor for Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (4) ◽  
pp. 1872-1880
Author(s):  
M V Rossi Stacconi ◽  
G Tait ◽  
D Rendon ◽  
A Grassi ◽  
G Boyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Stone Fruits ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Food Grade ◽  
Important Pest

Abstract Drosophila suzukii Matsumura is an economically important pest of small and stone fruits. Its establishment in the Americas and Europe marked an important turning point in crop management programs. Ten years after its first detection, an effective integrated pest management program has yet to be developed and pesticides are mainly used to control this pest. Here we test a new behavioral control tool, with the aim to develop an alternative pest control strategy. A food-grade gum matrix, was evaluated under controlled and open field conditions for its ability to attract the pest and protect the ripening fruit. Here, we report that the gum effectively reduces fruit infestation when used under managed conditions. We show that a single point source can affect D. suzukii behavior over a 3.6 m radius and last for up to 21 d. Open field data reveal that the efficacy of the gum is significantly impacted by water content. We discuss these results in respect to the future implications for D. suzukii management, along with important considerations on gum mechanism of action, possible application strategies and economic suitability for growers.

scholarly journals Influence of Trap Color, Type, and Placement on Capture Efficacy for Protaetia brevitarsis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huanhuan Cai ◽  
Tao Zhang ◽  
Yinghua Su ◽  
Zhongyue Wang ◽  
Xiaofang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Placement Tests ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Trap Color ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
Trap Placement

Abstract In recent years, Protaetia brevitarsis Lewis has gradually become an important pest of several crops including grape (Vitis vinifera L.) and peach (Amygdalus persica L.) in Xinjiang, China. Toward improving trapping efficacy as part of a management program, various colors, types, and placement of traps and the use of an attractant were evaluated in field and laboratory studies. Laboratory color-choice tests and field tests indicated that P. brevitarsis adults preferred red. In trap placement tests, more adults were captured on traps placed 1 or 1.5 m above the ground and on top of the horizontal grape canopy. Before grape ripening, more adults were captured in traps placed in a 0.5-m border around the outside edge of the vineyard; during grape ripening, more were caught within the vineyard. Newly designed traps that were red, with a triangular baffle and a landing plate, were more efficient than traditional bucket-shaped traps. When P. brevitarsis adults were trapped and killed from June to July 2018, the population of P. brevitarsis adults in August to early September 2018 was significantly lower than in August to early September 2017, when adults had not been trapped and killed in the prior 2 mo.

Effects of insecticides on adults and eggs of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera, Drosophilidae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Cristine Hoffmann Schlesener ◽  
Jutiane Wollmann ◽  
Juliano De Bastos Pazini ◽  
Anderson Dionei Grützmacher ◽  
Flávio Roberto Mello Garcia
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Stone Fruits ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Ovicidal Effect ◽  
Mere Presence ◽  
South Of Brazil ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
First Time

Drosophila suzukii (Diptera, Drosophilidae) is an exotic species, endemic to Asia and currently a pest to small and stone fruits in several countries of North America and Europe. It was detected in 2013 for the first time in South America, in the south of Brazil. Unlike most drosophilids, this species deserves special attention, because the females are capable of oviposit inside healthy fruits, rendering their sale and export prohibited. Despite the confirmed existence of this species in different states of Brazil, this insect is yet been to be given the pest status. Nevertheless, the mere presence of this species is enough to cause concern to producers of small fruits and to justify further investigation for it’s control, especially chemical control for a possible change in status. Therefore, the goal of this work was to evaluate, in laboratory, mortality of D. suzukii adults and ovicidal effect when exposed to different insecticides registered for species of the Tephritidae and Agromyzidae families in different cultures. The insecticides deltamethrin, dimethoate, spinosad, fenitrothion, phosmet, malathion, methidathion, and zeta-cypermethrin resulted in mortality to 100 % of the subjects three days after the treatment (DAT). Regarding the effects over eggs, it was  established that the insecticides fenitrothion, malathion, and methidathion deemed 100 % of the eggs not viable, followed by phosmet and diflubenzuron, which also caused elevated reduction in the eclosion of larvae two DAT.

Differences in behavior help to explain lemming coexistence

2019 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 1211-1220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas W Morris ◽  
Angélique Dupuch ◽  
MaryJane Moses ◽  
Kaylee Busniuk ◽  
Helen Otterman
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Exploratory Behavior ◽  
Behavioral Response ◽  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Canadian Arctic ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Repeated Testing ◽  
Dicrostonyx Groenlandicus ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
Innate Behaviors

Abstract Collared (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus) and brown (Lemmus trimucronatus) lemmings coexist in tundra habitats across much of the middle and lower Canadian arctic. Their coexistence, and response to predation risk, appears mediated by behavior. We analyzed field-collected videos of open-field tests to assess potential differences in innate behaviors between the two species. Collared lemmings were less active and exhibited less exploratory behavior than did brown lemmings, which were more active under cover than in the open. Similar behaviors scaling along axes of activity and curiosity were revealed by principal components analysis. Each axis defined different aspects of brown lemming personality, but repeated testing of the same individuals yielded a striking dependence of their behavioral response on open-field treatments. Even so, the differences between species in behavior correlate well with their habitat preferences that resolve competition and govern their coexistence.

Management of Pear Psylla (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) Using Reflective Plastic Mulch

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (6) ◽  
pp. 2840-2849
Author(s):  
Louis B Nottingham ◽  
Elizabeth H Beers
Keyword(s):  
Field Tests ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
The United States ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
Reflected Light ◽  
Pear Psylla ◽  
Pear Trees ◽  
Black Plastic

Abstract Pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Förster), has remained the most challenging pest of commercial pears in Washington and Oregon, the top producers of pears in the United States. The lack of effective integrated pest management tactics for this pest has been a major barrier to effective management. In this study, we examined the potential for reflective plastic mulch affixed beneath pear trees to suppress pear psylla. In 2017 and 2018, single pear tree (cv. Bartlett) plots of reflective plastic mulch, black plastic mulch, and no mulch (check) were established in a research orchard to compare their effects on pear psylla. Arthropods were sampled every 7–14 d from March through late summer. In both years, reflective mulch plots had significantly fewer pear psylla adults, eggs, and nymphs of the first generation compared with black plastic and check plots. However, later generations of psylla were not suppressed by reflective mulch. Semi-field tests were conducted in 2019 and 2020 using uniformly pruned potted pear trees on either reflective plastic mulch or grass to determine whether summerform adults were tolerant to reflected light from mulch, or if shading from vegetative growth negated the effect of the mulch. In both years, significantly fewer summerform adults and eggs were found in reflective mulch plots, suggesting that shading, rather than summerform tolerance, reduced effects from reflective mulch in the summer. This study demonstrates the potential for reflective mulch to suppress pear psylla and justifies future examination as part of a season-long management program.

scholarly journals Anthropomorphic Blast Test Device for Primary Blast Injury Risk Assessment

2020 ◽  
Vol 185 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 227-233
Author(s):  
Yun Hsu ◽  
Kevin Ho ◽  
Philemon Chan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Lung Injury ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Blast Injury ◽  
Test Device ◽  
Blast Overpressure ◽  
Lung Injuries

Abstract Introduction Blast overpressure health hazard assessment is required prior to fielding of weapon systems that produce blast overpressures that pose risk of auditory and nonauditory blast lung injuries. The anthropomorphic blast test device (ABTD) offers a single device solution for collection of both auditory and nonauditory data from a single blast at anthropometrically correct locations for injury risk assessment. It also allows for better replication of personnel positioning during weapons firings. The ABTD is an update of the blast test device (BTD), the current Army standard for collection of thoracic blast loading data. Validation testing of the ABTD is required to ensure that lung injury model validated using BTD collected test data and sheep subjects is still applicable when the ABTD is used. Methods Open field validation blast tests were conducted with BTD and ABTD placed at matching locations. Tests at seven blast strength levels were completed spanning the range of overpressures for occupational testing. Results The two devices produced very similar values for lung injury dose over all blast levels and orientations. Conclusion The ABTD was validated successfully for open field tests. For occupational blast injury assessments, ABTD can be used in place of the BTD and provide enhanced capabilities.

scholarly journals Interaction of Cultural, Biological, and Varietal Controls for Management of Stalk Borers in Louisiana Sugarcane

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Reagan ◽  
Megan M. Mulcahy
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
The United States ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
Management Paradigms ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mexican Rice Borer ◽  
New Pest

Diatraea saccharalis F is considered the most important pest of sugarcane in the United States. This article focuses on the history of pest management as it relates to the control of this stem borer in Louisiana sugarcane, and how control practices have become more in tune with integrated pest management paradigms. Various pest management strategies are employed against D. saccharalis and the interactions between each of these provide farmers with the tools needed to curb damaging infestations. However, the invasion of the Mexican rice borer, Eoreuma loftini (Dyar), and other confounding environmental factors have presented farmers, consultants, and researchers with new pest management challenges. We address these challenges and provide an overview of ongoing developments, particularly in the Louisiana sugarcane pest management program.

Using dogs to detect oil spills hidden in snow and ice - A new tool to detect oil in Arctic environments

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (1) ◽  
pp. 2219-2236
Author(s):  
Per Johan Brandvik ◽  
Turid Buvik
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
Search Site ◽  
Arctic Conditions ◽  
Large Aircraft ◽  
Snow And Ice

ABSTRACT The main objective of this project has been to train dogs to find oil spills hidden in snow or ice. Previous tests performed during 2007 in a laboratory environment in Trondheim showed that dogs are able to detect and identify the smell of oil, both weathered crude and bunker fuels. Outdoor tests in the Trondheim area in Norway (63°N) have also shown that dogs detect the smell of oil and can find point sources of oil at an outdoor temperature down to −5°C. This was confirmed in phase I of this project. Realistic field tests conducted in 2008 on Svalbard (78°N) confirmed that dogs can be used to detect oil spills covered with snow and ice in Arctic environments. The dogs were able to locate single point sources and determine the approximate dimensions of a larger oil spill. The dogs also verified the bearing to a larger oil spill (400 liters, covered in snow) in increasing downwind distances up to 5 km from the oil spill. This fieldwork on Svalbard has shown that the search dog teams perform well under very harsh Arctic conditions. The dogs and the handlers were able to work in temperatures below −20° C for multiple days. The dogs also managed to keep their full concentration and operative sensitivity for several days even after being transported, first by large aircraft (3 hours), then by small aircraft (0.5 hour) and finally the search site in cages strapped on snow scooter sledges. The use of snow scooters for transporting the dogs made it possible to reach remote areas, arriving with rested dogs ready for action. This study has showed that specially trained dogs are a sensitive and effective tool to search large snow and ice covered areas to detect possible oil spills.

Baseline Sensitivities of Major Citrus, Pome, and Stone Fruits Postharvest Pathogens to Natamycin and Estimation of the Resistance Potential in Penicillium digitatum

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Chen ◽  
Helga Forster ◽  
James Adaskaveg
Keyword(s):  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
The United States ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Penicillium Digitatum ◽  
Stone Fruits ◽  
Concentration Gradients ◽  
Food Preservative ◽  
Agar Media

Natamycin is a biofungicide that was recently registered for postharvest use on citrus and stone fruits in the United States. It has been used as a food preservative for many decades, with no resistance ever observed to date. The objective of this study was to determine baseline sensitivities for mycelial growth of 43 to 72 isolates of seven postharvest pathogens to natamycin and the resistance potential of Penicillium digitatum. Mean effective concentrations to inhibit mycelial growth by 50% (EC50 values), as determined by the spiral gradient method, were 0.90 μg/ml for Alternaria alternata, 0.76 μg/ml for Botrytis cinerea, 3.20 μg/ml for Geotrichum citri-aurantii, 0.17 μg/ml for Monilinia fructicola, 1.54 μg/ml for Penicillium digitatum, 1.14 μg/ml for P. expansum, and 0.48 μg/ml for Rhizopus stolonifer. Distributions of EC50 values for each pathogen were unimodal and mostly normal with no outliers detected. Natamycin was also inhibitory to spore germination with values for five of the species similar to those for mycelial growth. Microscopically, natamycin generally arrested spores at the pre-germination swelling stage. Mass platings of conidial mixtures of ten isolates of P. digitatum were inoculated on agar media with 2.5-log radial concentration gradients of natamycin or fludioxonil, and platings of G. citri-aurantii were executed on media amended with natamycin or propiconazole. No resistant isolates were observed for both species to natamycin or for G. citri-aurantii to propiconazole, whereas a resistance frequency of 4.5 x 10-6 to 3.1 x 10-6 was calculated for P. digitatum to fludioxonil. The wide spectrum of activity against different fungal pathogens and a low resistance potential support the registration of natamycin as a postharvest treatment and its integration into an integrated pest management program with other practices including sanitation and rotation of other fungicides with different modes of action.

Evaluation of the elevated plus-maze and open-field tests for the assessment of anxiety-related behaviour in inbred mice

2002 ◽  
Vol 134 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 49-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria Carola ◽  
Francesca D'Olimpio ◽  
Emiliano Brunamonti ◽  
Franco Mangia ◽  
Paolo Renzi
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Inbred Mice ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Plus Maze
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