Simple In-Vitro Feeding System for Northern Fowl Mites (Acari: Macronyssidae)

1992 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 848-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Carroll ◽  
K. W. Young ◽  
W. A. Bruce
Keyword(s):  
Feeding System ◽  
In Vitro Feeding

The role of physical and chemical stimuli in the development of in vitro feeding techniques for tsetse flies Glossina spp. (Dipt., Glossinidae)

1972 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Langley
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Rate ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
Membrane Feeding ◽  
Chemical Stimuli ◽  
In Vitro Feeding ◽  
Physical And Chemical

In laboratory experiments at Langford, Bristol, agar membranes were superior to Parafilm membranes for the in vitro feeding of Glossina morsitans Westw. and G.austeni Newst. Temperature appears to be the primary stimulus for probing but agar membranes stimulate some probing, probably because of the humidity gradient above the membrane. Agar membranes also stimulate gorging, and enhance the effect of the phagostimulant adenosine 5' triphosphate (ATP). Agar membranes may simulate conditions on and in the skin of a living host by stimulating tactile and/or hygroreceptors in the mouthparts of the probing fly. G. morsitans females fed on blood containing ATP concentrations up to 5 × 10−3 M gave a higher reproductive rate and higher pupal weights. The rate of breakdown of ATP in bovine blood during one hour at 37°C indicated the amounts that need to be added to maintain optimal concentrations during feeding. There was positive correlation between pupal weight and reproductive rate of G. morsitans with the membrane-feeding system, but a maximum of only 80% of the optimal rate of reproduction and 80% of the optimal pupal weight was achieved. On living hosts this correlation did not hold, the pupal weights being higher, suggesting that the membrane-feeding system constitutes a stress factor. The stress of in vitro feeding does not apparently involve probing or gorging stimuli but its symptoms are those of nutritional deficiency. It is concluded that post mortem changes in vertebrate blood may affect quantitative aspects of feeding, or they may affect either the nutritional content of the blood or the ability of the insects to metabolise it correctly.

scholarly journals Comparison of In Vivo and In Vitro Methods for Blood Feeding ofPhlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the Laboratory

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 1112-1116 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S. Denlinger ◽  
Andrew Y. Li ◽  
Susan L. Durham ◽  
Phillip G. Lawyer ◽  
Joseph L. Anderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Viable Alternative ◽  
Phlebotomus Papatasi ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
In Vitro Methods ◽  
In Vitro Feeding ◽  
Feeding Systems

Abstract Phlebotomus papatasi Scopoli is a medically important insect that has been successfully colonized in the laboratory, and blood feeding is critical for colony propagation. There has been much interest in developing established protocols for in vitro blood-feeding systems. The objective of this study was to determine if a Parafilm membrane and a hog’s gut membrane could be successfully used with in vitro feeding systems. We evaluated percentages ofP. papatasi females that blood fed on different blood-feeding systems (a mouse, a Hemotek feeder, or a glass feeder) used with either a Parafilm or a hog’s gut membrane, with cohorts of 250 and 500P. papatasi females, and with or without external exhalations. For all feeding system combinations, femaleP. papatasi blood fed in higher percentages when in cohorts of 500 individuals and in the presence of exhalations. Higher percentages ofP. papatasi fed on a mouse, but this study also demonstrates thatP. papatasi will readily feed with in vitro feeding systems using a Parafilm membrane or a hog’s gut membrane. This study suggests that femaleP. papatasi may use an invitation effect to blood feed and are attracted to blood sources via chemical olfaction cues, both of which have been characterized in other blood-feeding arthropods. Our study demonstrates that a Parafilm membrane or a hog’s gut membrane, in conjunction with the Hemotek or glass feeder system, is potentially a viable alternative to live rodents to blood feed a colony ofP. papatasi.

scholarly journals Evaluation of a semi-automated in vitro feeding system for Dermacentor reticulatus and Ixodes ricinus adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 565-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bettina Böhme ◽  
Christoph Krull ◽  
Peter-Henning Clausen ◽  
Ard M. Nijhof
Keyword(s):  
Ixodes Ricinus ◽  
Dermacentor Reticulatus ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
In Vitro Feeding

scholarly journals Plectin ensures intestinal epithelial integrity and protects colon against colitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 691-702
Author(s):  
Alzbeta Krausova ◽  
Petra Buresova ◽  
Lenka Sarnova ◽  
Gizem Oyman-Eyrilmez ◽  
Jozef Skarda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Intercellular Junctions ◽  
Protein Profiling ◽  
Cell Junctions ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Critical Determinant ◽  
In Vitro Feeding

AbstractPlectin, a highly versatile cytolinker protein, provides tissues with mechanical stability through the integration of intermediate filaments (IFs) with cell junctions. Here, we hypothesize that plectin-controlled cytoarchitecture is a critical determinant of the intestinal barrier function and homeostasis. Mice lacking plectin in an intestinal epithelial cell (IEC; PleΔIEC) spontaneously developed colitis characterized by extensive detachment of IECs from the basement membrane (BM), increased intestinal permeability, and inflammatory lesions. Moreover, plectin expression was reduced in the colons of ulcerative colitis (UC) patients and negatively correlated with the severity of colitis. Mechanistically, plectin deficiency in IECs led to aberrant keratin filament (KF) network organization and the formation of dysfunctional hemidesmosomes (HDs) and intercellular junctions. In addition, the hemidesmosomal α6β4 integrin (Itg) receptor showed attenuated association with KFs, and protein profiling revealed prominent downregulation of junctional constituents. Consistent with the effects of plectin loss in the intestinal epithelium, plectin-deficient IECs exhibited remarkably reduced mechanical stability and limited adhesion capacity in vitro. Feeding mice with a low-residue liquid diet that reduced mechanical stress and antibiotic treatment successfully mitigated epithelial damage in the PleΔIEC colon.

scholarly journals Tick populations from endemic and non-endemic areas in Germany show differential susceptibility to TBEV

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrin Liebig ◽  
Mathias Boelke ◽  
Domenic Grund ◽  
Sabine Schicht ◽  
Andrea Springer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differential Susceptibility ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Lower Saxony ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus ◽  
In Vitro Feeding ◽  
Tbev Infection

Abstract Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is endemic in twenty-seven European countries, transmitted via the bite of an infected tick. TBEV is the causative agent of one of the most important viral diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). In Germany, 890 human cases were registered between the years 2018–2019. The castor bean tick, Ixodes ricinus, is the TBEV vector with the highest importance in Central Europe, including Germany. Despite the nationwide distribution of this tick species, risk areas of TBEV are largely located in Southern Germany. To increase our understanding of TBEV-tick interactions, we collected ticks from different areas within Germany (Haselmühl/Bavaria, Hanover/Lower Saxony) and infected them via an in vitro feeding system. A TBEV isolate was obtained from an endemic focus in Haselmühl. In two experimental series conducted in 2018 and 2019, ticks sampled in Haselmühl (TBEV focus) showed higher artificial feeding rates, as well as higher TBEV infections rates than ticks from the non-endemic area (Hanover). Other than the tick origin, year and month of the infection experiment as well as co-infection with Borrelia spp., had a significant impact on TBEV Haselmühl infection rates. Taken together, these findings suggest that a specific adaptation of the tick populations to their respective TBEV virus isolates or vice versa, leads to higher TBEV infection rates in those ticks. Furthermore, co-infection with other tick-borne pathogens such as Borrelia spp. can lower TBEV infection rates in specific populations.

scholarly journals A Silicone Membrane for In Vitro Feeding of Ixodes scapularis (Ixodida: Ixodidae)

2014 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 878-879 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. Andrade ◽  
Guang Xu ◽  
Stephen M. Rich
Keyword(s):  
Ixodes Scapularis ◽  
Silicone Membrane ◽  
In Vitro Feeding

scholarly journals In vitro feeding assays for hard ticks

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 445-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Kröber ◽  
Patrick M. Guerin
Keyword(s):  
Hard Ticks ◽  
In Vitro Feeding

scholarly journals Putative morphology of Neoehrlichia mikurensis in salivary glands of Ixodes ricinus

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Ondruš ◽  
Pavel Kulich ◽  
Oldřich Sychra ◽  
Pavel Široký
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Ixodes Ricinus ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Intracellular Pathogen ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Ultrathin Sections ◽  
In Vitro Feeding ◽  
Neoehrlichia Mikurensis ◽  
Electron Lucent

Abstract Neoehrlichia mikurensis is an emerging tick-borne intracellular pathogen causing neoehrlichiosis. Its putative morphology was described in mammalian, but not in tick cells. In this study, we aim to show the presumptive morphology of N. mikurensis in salivary glands of engorged females of Ixodes ricinus. To accomplish this, we collected I. ricinus ticks in a locality with a high N. mikurensis prevalence, allowed them to feed in the artificial in vitro feeding system, dissected salivary glands and screened them by PCR for N. mikurensis and related bacteria. Ultrathin sections of salivary glands positive for N. mikurensis but negative for other pathogens were prepared and examined by transmission electron microscopy. We observed two individual organisms strongly resembling N. mikurensis in mammalian cells as described previously. Both bacteria were of ovoid shape between 0.5–0.8 μm surrounded by the inner cytoplasmic and the rippled outer membrane separated by an irregular electron-lucent periplasmic space. Detection of N. mikurensis in salivary glands of I. ricinus suggests that this bacterium uses the “salivary pathway of transmission” to infect mammals.

scholarly journals Comparison of synthetic membranes in the development of an in vitro feeding system for Dermanyssus gallinae

2009 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.W.J. Harrington ◽  
J.H. Guy ◽  
K. Robinson ◽  
O.A.E. Sparagano
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Rate ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Dermanyssus Gallinae ◽  
Skin Extract ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Poultry Red Mite ◽  
Synthetic Membranes ◽  
In Vitro Feeding

AbstractAlthough artificial feeding models for the poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) most frequently use biological membranes consisting of day-old chick skin, there are ethical considerations associated with the use of skin. The few studies reported in the literature that have investigated the use of synthetic membranes to feed D. gallinae in vitro have reported limited success. The current study describes an investigation into the use of synthetic membranes made from either Nescofilm® or rayon and silicone, used either alone or in combination with different feather or skin extracts, as well as the use of capillary tubes. In all, 12 different treatments were used, and the feeding rate of D. gallinae was compared to that of day-old chick skin. Allowing mites to feed on a membrane consisting of Nescofilm with a skin extract resulted in the highest proportion of mites feeding (32.3%), which was not significantly different to the feeding rate of mites on day-old chick skin (38.8%). This study confirms that synthetic membranes can be used to feed D. gallinae artificially. Further optimization of the membrane and mite storage conditions is still necessary, but the study demonstrates a proof of concept.

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