Observations on the Feeding Habits of the Potato Psyllid (Paratrioza Cockerelli Sulc.) and the Pathological History of the "Psyllid Yellows" Which it Produces

1933 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 846-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Eyer ◽  
R. F. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Potato Psyllid ◽  
History Of ◽  
Psyllid Yellows

scholarly journals Potato Zebra Chip Disease: A Phytopathological Tale

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. Crosslin ◽  
Joseph E. Munyaneza ◽  
Judith K. Brown ◽  
Lia W. Liefting
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Exact Nature ◽  
Potato Psyllid ◽  
Bactericera Cockerelli ◽  
Zebra Chip ◽  
Central United States ◽  
History Of ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter ◽  
United States Mexico

Potato zebra chip (ZC) disease is a relative newcomer to the world of important potato diseases. First reported in Mexico in the 1990s, by 2004-2005 the disease was causing serious economic damage in parts of Texas. ZC is now widespread in the south-western and central United States, Mexico, Central America, and was recently reported in New Zealand. By 2006, there seemed to be an association between ZC and the potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli). The exact nature of the relationship, however, has only recently been identified by the discovery of a new Candidatus Liberibacter bacterium that is transmitted to potatoes, tomatoes, and other solanaceous hosts by the potato psyllid. This review examines the history of this disease, the association of ZC with the potato psyllid, the host range, and recent research into the bacterial pathogen. Accepted for publication 15 December 2009. Published 17 March 2010.

scholarly journals Origin of raptorial feeding in juvenile euarthropods revealed by a Cambrian radiodontan

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 863-869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianni Liu ◽  
Rudy Lerosey-Aubril ◽  
Michael Steiner ◽  
Jason A Dunlop ◽  
Degan Shu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Early Developmental Stage ◽  
Rapid Rise ◽  
Juvenile Instar ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dietary Ecology ◽  
Chengjiang Biota ◽  
Early Developmental

Abstract The rapid rise of arthropods during the Cambrian quickly established some clades, such as the euarthropod stem-group called Radiodonta, as the dominant and most diverse predators in marine ecosystems. Recent discoveries have shown that the size and dietary ecology of radiodontans are far more diverse than previously thought, but little is known about the feeding habits of juveniles. Here, we document a very small (∼18-mm-long), near-complete specimen of the radiodontan Lyrarapax unguispinus from the early Cambrian Chengjiang Biota of China. This specimen is the smallest radiodontan individual known, representing a juvenile instar. Its adult-like morphology—especially the fully developed spinose frontal appendages and tetraradial oral cone—indicates that L. unguispinus was a well-equipped predator at an early developmental stage, similar to modern raptorial euarthropods, such as mantises, mantis shrimps and arachnids. This evidence, coupled with the basal phylogenetic position of radiodontans, confirms that raptorial feeding habits in juvenile euarthropods appeared early in the evolutionary history of the group.

Ovipositional preferences, damage thresholds, and detection of the tomato–potato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli (Homoptera: Psyllidae) on selected tomato accessions

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Liu ◽  
J.T. Trumble
Keyword(s):  
Oviposition Preference ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Wild Type Plant ◽  
Potato Psyllid ◽  
Bactericera Cockerelli ◽  
Strong Correlations ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Pest Density ◽  
Psyllid Yellows

AbstractThe tomato–potato psyllid Bactericera [Paratrioza] cockerelli (Sulc) has recently caused losses exceeding 50% on fresh market tomatoes in California and Baja, Mexico by injecting a toxin that results in a condition known as ‘psyllid yellows’. The objectives of this study were to: (i) document oviposition preferences on a range of tomato cultivars; (ii) determine threshold levels for psyllid densities that would cause psyllid yellows on tomatoes within the first three weeks following transplanting; and (iii) identify the most important ‘psyllid yellows’ symptoms that might be used in surveying and monitoring for this pest. Plant lines tested included the commonly-planted commercial cultivars ‘Shady Lady’ and ‘QualiT 21’, an older, previously commercial cultivar ‘7718 VFN’, a common cultivar planted by consumers ‘Yellow Pear’, and a wild type plant accession, PI 134417. When given a choice, psyllids significantly preferred ‘Yellow Pear’ and avoided PI 134417 for oviposition. Under no-choice conditions psyllids laid significantly fewer eggs on PI 134417, but all the other plant lines were equally good substrates for laying eggs. Thus, oviposition preference is not likely to provide a functional management strategy in large plantings. On ‘Shady Lady’, psyllids preferred to oviposit on plants already infested with adults. On both ‘Shady Lady’ and ‘7718 VFN’ oviposition was significantly greater on plants previously infested by nymphs as compared to uninfested control plants. This suggests that, at least for some cultivars, there is a physiological change in plant attractiveness following psyllid feeding. ‘Yellow Pear’ and ‘QualiT 21’ were relatively tolerant of psyllids, requiring 18 nymphs per plant to produce the disease symptoms. Only eight nymphs per plant were needed on ‘Shady Lady’ and ‘7718 VFN’. For all cultivars, the pest density showed strong correlations with measurements such as the number of yellowing leaves and leaflets and distorted leaves, which were as good as or better than the first factor extracted from principal component analysis. Therefore, such measurements have the potential to simplify field surveys.

Bactericera cockerelli (tomato/potato psyllid).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph E. Munyaneza
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Potato Psyllid ◽  
Bactericera Cockerelli ◽  
Potato Pests ◽  
Psyllid Yellows ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor ◽  
Harmful Insect

Abstract B. cockerelli is one of the most destructive potato pests in the western hemisphere. It was recognized in the early 1900s that B. cockerelli had the potential to be an invasive and harmful insect, particularly in western United States and Mexico (Šulc, 1909; Crawford, 1914; Compere, 1915; 1916; Essig, 1917). By the 1920s and 1930s, B. cockerelli had become a serious and destructive pest of potatoes in most of the southwestern United States, giving rise to the description of a new disease that became known as 'psyllid yellows' (Richards, 1928; 1931; 1933; Binkley, 1929; Richards and Blood, 1933; List and Daniels, 1934; Pletsch, 1947; Wallis, 1955). In recent years, other solanaceous crops, including tomato, pepper, eggplant, tobacco and tamarillo in a number of geographic areas have suffered extensive economic losses associated with B. cockerelli outbreaks (Trumble, 2008, 2009; Munyaneza et al., 2007a, b; 2008; 2009a, b, c, d; Liefting et al., 2008; 2009; Secor et al., 2009; Espinoza, 2010; Munyaneza, 2010; Crosslin et al., 2010; Rehman et al., 2010; Crosslin et al., 2012a, b; Munyaneza, 2012). Despite being a native of North America, B. cockerelli is also found in Central America and has recently invaded New Zealand, where it has caused extensive damage to indoor and outdoor solanaceous crops (Teulon et al., 2009; Thomas et al., 2011). B. cockerelli has recently been placed on the list of quarantine pest in EPPO region (EPPO, 2012).

scholarly journals Diversification patterns based on the largest morphological phylogenetic analysis of Pleurodira

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel S Ferreira ◽  
Juliana Sterli ◽  
Mario Bronzati Filho ◽  
Max C Langer
Keyword(s):  
Early Cretaceous ◽  
Late Cretaceous ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypothesis ◽  
Consensus Tree ◽  
Strict Consensus Tree ◽  
History Of

Background. Most studies on pleurodiran turtles are about the behavior and/or feeding habits analyzes, description of new taxa or specimens (both extinct and extant), or phylogenetic analyzes of one of its subclades with extant taxa: Chelidae, Pelomedusidae or Podocnemididae. With the exception of some molecular phylogenies, there are no phylogenetic analyses of extant and extinct representatives of Pleurodira including all of its lineages. A broader understanding of the evolutionary history of Pleurodira requires a phylogenetic hypothesis based on more extensive taxonomic and character samplings.Methods. We constructed a taxon-character matrix including 227 morphological characters and 87 taxa from all the Pleurodira lineages, plus one stem Pan-Pleurodira, Notoemys laticentralis, and one stem-Testudinata, Proganochelys quenstedti, as outgroups. The resulting matrix was analyzed using parsimony, Tree Bisection and Reconnection (TBR) algorithms, with 5000 replicates, and a hold of 20. The obtained strict consensus tree was used as the basis of a diversification analysis using topology-based methods. A nestedgrowing tree approach was employed to create a corresponding tree for different intervals of the geological history of the group. Six distinct time bins were created for periods in which members of Pleurodira occur: Early Cretaceous, Late Cretaceous, Paleocene, Eocene, Miocene, and Recent. Results. All main pleurodiran clades were recovered in the strict consensus tree, but with some changes in their relationship compared to previous analyses, e.g. the inclusiveness of both Pelomedusoides and Bothremydidae. The diversification analysis shows that, after the establishment of the two major lineages (i.e. Chelidae and Pelomedusoides) in the Early Cretaceous, these subgroups diversified in distinct rates along their evolutionary history. Two main diversification shifts were identified: one at the early evolution of Podocnemoidea, during the Late Cretaceous, and another during the Miocene, deep nested in the Podocnemididae clade. Discussion. The resulting strict consensus tree is the largest exclusive phylogenetic hypothesis for Pleurodira, including both extant and extinct taxa. Based on morphological data, it allows more inclusive inferences on the general morphological and diversification patterns of the group. The diversification pulses analysis suggests variation on the rates of diversification on the different pleurodiran clades. The first shift detected is related to the great radiation of Bothremydidae and Podocnemoidae in the Late Cretaceous; the second shift, detected in the Miocene, is related to a diversification within the Stereogenyina, a Podocnemididae clade. Ongoing analysis will determine which factors could enforce those different diversification rates in the evolution of Pleurodira.

Diversity and preserved shell coloration patterns of Miocene Conidae (Neogastropoda) from an exposure of the Gatun Formation, Colón Province, Panama

2018 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 804-837 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan R. Hendricks
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Phylogenetic Diversity ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Shell Morphology ◽  
Snail Species ◽  
Cone Snail ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Coloration Patterns

AbstractExtant members of the neogastropod family Conidae (cone snails) are renowned for their often dazzling shell coloration patterns and venomous feeding habits. Many cone snail species have also been described from the fossil record, but to date have been little used to understand the evolutionary history of extant clades. The cone snail fauna of the Miocene Gatun Formation of Colón Province, Panama is especially important for understanding the temporal and biogeographic history of tropical American Conidae. Intensive, focused collecting from an exposure of the lower Gatun Formation (deposited ca. 11–10 Ma) resulted in the discovery of nearly 900 specimens of Conidae. Remarkably, many of these well-preserved specimens exhibit revealed coloration patterns when exposed to ultraviolet light. The fluorescing coloration patterns were used in conjunction with other features of shell morphology to differentiate species and, in most cases, evaluate their potential relationships to members of the extant tropical American fauna. Nine species are fully described from this locality, one of which is recognized as new:Conus(Stephanoconus)woodringin. sp. At least one, and perhaps more, additional Conidae species are also present at the study locality. The diversity of this Conidae fauna is considered moderate relative to other recently analyzed tropical American fossil assemblages. The phylogenetic diversity of the assemblage, however, is noteworthy: six of the ten species can be confidently assigned to six different clades of extant Conidae, providing potentially useful calibration points for future phylogenetic studies.http://zoobank.org/8fe00c31-8f3f-4514-85af-29068e468cd3

Studies on Effects of Forest Sprayings with Insecticides, 1952–63, on Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates in New Brunswick Streams: Introduction and Summary

1967 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 701-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Kerswill
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Aquatic Invertebrates ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Aquatic Insect ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
History Of

This introduces a series of papers on fisheries studies associated with operational and experimental forest spraying, mainly with DDT-in-oil insecticide. It outlines: (a) the history of the spray program developed to counteract an outbreak of the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) in New Brunswick; (b) administrative arrangements for developing and coordinating a reasonable research and management program concerning the affected fisheries, mainly for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar); (c) highlights of field and laboratory studies on effects of insecticide sprayings on caged young salmon and trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), on aquatic insect production, on feeding habits of native young salmon, and on population levels of young salmon.

Taxonomic issues related to biological control prospects for the ragweed borer, Epiblema strenuana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4729 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-358
Author(s):  
TODD M. GILLIGAN ◽  
DONALD J. WRIGHT ◽  
RICHARD L. BROWN ◽  
BENNO A. AUGUSTINUS ◽  
URS SCHAFFNER
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Valid Species ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Epiblema Strenuana ◽  
History Of

The ragweed borer, Epiblema strenuana (Walker, 1863), has a long history of use as a biological control agent against important weed pests in the family Asteraceae. Recently, E. strenuana has been reported feeding on the invasive perennials Ambrosia confertiflora and A. tenuifolia in Israel. The geographic location of Israel has raised concern over the possibility that the moth may spread to areas such as Ethiopia where the oil-seed crop Guizotia abyssinica is cultivated, as this is a potential host for E. strenuana. However, the taxonomic status of E. strenuana and a current synonym, E. minutana (Kearfott, 1905) is unclear. These taxa have been treated as separate species in the past, and they potentially have different feeding habits and damage different parts of the plant. We analyzed DNA data and adult morphology and determined that E. minutana, stat. rev., is a valid species which we raise from synonymy with E. strenuana. Wing coloration, the shape of the female sterigma, and COI DNA barcodes are consistently different between the two species. We also determined that the species previously identified as E. strenuana in Israel is actually E. minutana. While detailed host range tests have been conducted on the E. strenuana populations released in Australia and China, the host range of E. minutana remains to be clarified. We discuss the history of biological control using E. strenuana and the implications for finding E. minutana in Israel. We also provide species redescriptions for E. strenuana and E. minutana and illustrate diagnostic characters. 

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