Sublethal Effects of Mosquito Larvicides on Swimming Performance of Larvivorous Fish Melanotaenia duboulayi (Atheriniformes: Melanotaeniidae)

2007 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. P. Hurst ◽  
B. H. Kay ◽  
P. A. Ryan ◽  
M. D. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Larvivorous Fish ◽  
Mosquito Larvicides ◽  
Melanotaenia Duboulayi

scholarly journals Encapsulation of Carlina acaulis essential oil and carlina oxide to develop long-lasting mosquito larvicides: microemulsions versus nanoemulsions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Pavela ◽  
Lucia Pavoni ◽  
Giulia Bonacucina ◽  
Marco Cespi ◽  
Loredana Cappellacci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Larvicidal Activity ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Human Keratinocytes ◽  
Mosquito Larvae ◽  
Mosquito Larvicides ◽  
Root Essential Oil

AbstractCarlina acaulis root essential oil (EO) is one of the most potent mosquito larvicides (LC50 < 2 ppm). This EO is mainly composed of carlina oxide (> 90%). Poor water solubility and rapid degradation from UV light and oxygen in the environment limit the real-world use of this EO. Herein, we developed nanocarrier-based formulations, namely micro- and nanoemulsions (ME and NE, respectively) containing C. acaulis EO or carlina oxide (both at 0.5%) as active ingredients (a.i.). The larvicidal activity of ME and NE was evaluated against Culex quinquefasciatus. The highest larvicidal activity was achieved by the ME containing 0.5% of the EO (M1); its LC50(90) was 579.1 (791.3) µL L−1. Sublethal effects of this ME and its a.i. were assessed testing both at the LC16, LC30, LC50 and LC90 on mosquito larvae exposed to each product for 1–7 h, and then monitoring mortality for 18 days. At variance with the EO, ME application, even at LC16, led to 100% mortality at 18 days. The EO and its encapsulated form were scarcely toxic to human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and human fibroblast (NHF A12) cell lines. The acute toxicity of C. acaulis EO and its ME (M1) was also evaluated in Wistar rats through oral administration; EO LD50 was 1098 mg kg−1 bw, whereas its ME, even at 5000 mg kg−1 bw (considered the upper testing limit to establish safety to mammals), was not toxic. This study highlights the outstanding efficacy of C. acaulis EO ME for developing long-lasting and safe larvicides against Cx. quinquefasciatus.

Toxicity and Sublethal Effects of Methanol on Swimming Performance of Juvenile Florida Pompano

2005 ◽  
Vol 134 (3) ◽  
pp. 730-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Baltz ◽  
E. J. Chesney ◽  
M. A. Tarr ◽  
A. S. Kolok ◽  
M. J. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Swimming Performance

Sublethal Effects of Tetrachloroguaiacol on Juvenile Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, following Acute and Chronic Exposure

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 1967-1974 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Johansen ◽  
C. J. Kennedy ◽  
R. M. Sweeting ◽  
A. P. Farrell ◽  
B. A. McKeown
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Juvenile Rainbow Trout ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Acute And Chronic Exposure

Following either a 24-h (acute) or 25-d (chronic) exposure to tetrachloroguaiacol (TeCG), a component of bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME), juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, were examined for effects on several biochemical parameters, swimming performance, and disease resistance. Acute exposure resulted in increased levels of plasma cortisol and lactate and reductions in liver glycogen and protein, spleen somatic index, leucocrit, hemoglobin, swimming performance, and disease resistance. Chronic exposure resulted in most parameters remaining at control levels with the exception of leucocrit which was elevated, plasma cortisol which decreased, and disease resistance which was impaired. These findings correlate well with a previously proposed classic stress response for mammals and are generally consistent with studies in which fish were exposed to whole BKME. The 96-h LC50 for juvenile rainbow trout exposed to TeCG was estimated at 0.37 mg∙L−1.

Review of the problems

1979 ◽  
Vol 286 (1015) ◽  
pp. 399-424 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Polychlorinated Biphenyl ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Reproductive Failure ◽  
Continuous Sampling ◽  
Full Life Cycle ◽  
High Concentrations

Sublethal effects of pollution may be significant to survival of a stock of marine fish or even a species. Such effects sometimes lead to reproductive failure and have been identified so far only in freshwater systems. Atlantic salmon have disappeared from many streams in Europe and eastern North America, partly as a result of pollution in their freshwater spawning areas and in their estuarine nursing grounds. Reductions in populations of marine fishes due to pollution solely have not yet been demonstrated. However, Baltic Sea seals, where reproductive failure is apparently associated with high concentrations of DDT and polychlorinated biphenyl in the blubber, may have suffered a decline owing to the presence of these organochlorines. Sublethal effects of pollutants have been studied in the laboratory, essentially under four categories: (1) physiology (growth, swimming performance, respiration, circulation); (2) biochemistry/cell structure (blood chemistry, enzyme activity, endocrinology, histochemistry); (3) behaviour/neurophysiology; and (4) reproduction. Not all pollutants elicit meaningful responses in all categories, and a response is not always linear with pollutant concentration. For application to survival of populations the response has to be ultimately related to a healthy progression through a full life cycle, including successful reproduction. In recent time, physiological studies have moved into polluted marine environments with mobile laboratories having continuous sampling capability, to observe effects of pollutants in situ on marine organisms. The Controlled Ecosystem Pollution Experiment (Cepex) in Saanich Inlet, British Columbia, endeavours to investigate the effects of low concentrations of pollutants on marine organisms in large plastic silos having a slow replacement of water.

scholarly journals Lethal and Sublethal Effects in Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha) following Exposure to Five Aquaculture Chemotherapeutants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charanveer Sahota ◽  
Kassia Hyek ◽  
Brady Surbey ◽  
Chris Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Early Life Stage ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Salmon Fry

Abstract Early life stages of Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) are at risk of exposure to the active ingredients of chemotherapeutant formulations (hydrogen peroxide [HP], azamethiphos [AZ], emamectin benzoate [EB], cypermethrin [CP] and deltamethrin [DM]) used to control sea lice in salmon aquaculture. LC50 values (95% confidence intervals) for acute 48-h water exposures in order of least to most toxic to seawater-adapted pink salmon fry were: HP (227 [138–418] mg/L), EB (1090 [676–2006] µg/L), AZ (80 [52–161] µg/L), CP (5.1 [3.0-10.5] µg/L), and DM (980 [640–1800] ng/L). In subchronic 10-d lethality sediment exposure tests, LC50 values (95% confidence intervals) in order of least to most toxic were: EB (2065 [1384–3720] µg/kg), CP (97 [58–190] µg/kg), and DM (1035 [640–2000] ng/kg). Alterations in behaviour varied between chemicals; no chemical attracted pink salmon fry; fish avoided HP to a limited extent at 50 mg/L), as well as EB (300 µg/L), and AZ (50 µg/L). Significant concentration-dependent decreases in olfactory responsiveness to food extract were seen following AZ, CP and DM exposures that occurred at lower concentrations with longer exposure periods (10 µg/L, 0.5 µg/L and 100 ng/L thresholds at 168 h). Following 10-d sediment exposures, olfaction was only affected by CP exposure at 50 µg/kg. Significant decreases in swimming performance (Ucrit) occured for HP, AZ, CP and DM at concentrations as low as 100 mg/L, 10 µg/L, 2 µg/L and 200 ng/L, respectively. This study provides comprehensive data on the lethal and sublethal effects of aquaculture chemotherapeutant exposure in early life stage pink salmon.

scholarly journals EVALUACIÓN DE LA TOXICIDAD DE DOS AGROQUIMICOS, ROUNDUP® ACTIVO Y COSMO-FLUX®411F, EN RENACUAJOS DE ANUROS COLOMBIANOS

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliana Marcela Henao Muñoz ◽  
Teófila María Triana Velásquez ◽  
Manuel Hernando Bernal Bautista
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lethal Concentration ◽  
Median Lethal Concentration ◽  
Sensitive Species ◽  
Moderate Risk ◽  
Anuran Species

<p>El Roundup<sup>®</sup> Activo es un herbicida elaborado a base de glifosato ampliamente utilizado en Colombia para el control de malezas. Sin embargo, para su aplicación requiere ser mezclado con un coadyuvante que facilite su acción, tal como el Cosmo-Flux<sup>®</sup>411F, el cual mejora la adherencia y fijación del herbicida en las hojas de las plantas. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la concentración letal media (CL<sub>50</sub>) y algunos efectos subletales (cambios en el tamaño corporal y en el desempeño natatorio) del Roundup<sup>®</sup> Activo y del Cosmo-Flux<sup>®</sup>411F en renacuajos de cuatro especies de anuros colombianos, expuestos bajo condiciones controladas de laboratorio y en microcosmos. La especie más sensible a la exposición del Roundup<sup>®</sup> Activo fue <em>Hypsiboas crepitans</em> (Laboratorio: CL<sub>50 </sub>= 1414 µg a.e. de glifosato/L y microcosmos: CL<sub>50 </sub>= 4 kg a.e. de glifosato/ha) y para el Cosmo-Flux<sup>®</sup>411F <em>Rhinella humboldti</em> (Laboratorio: CL<sub>50 </sub>= 319 mg/L y microcosmos: CL<sub>50 </sub>= 632,3 L/ha). En laboratorio y microcosmos, la exposición al Roundup<sup>®</sup> Activo no alteró el tamaño corporal ni el desempeño natatorio de los renacuajos, mientras que el Cosmo-Flux<sup>®</sup>411F generó alteraciones del tamaño corporal, pero no afectó el desempeño natatorio. Al comparar los CL<sub>50</sub> de los dos agroquímicos con las concentraciones empleadas en campo, el Roundup<sup>®</sup> Activo generó un riesgo moderado mientras que el Cosmo-Flux<sup>®</sup>411F no resultó letal. Además, el Roundup<sup>®</sup> Activo fue notablemente más toxico que el Cosmo-Flux<sup>®</sup>411F.</p><p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p>Roundup<sup>®</sup> Active is a herbicide based on glyphosate widely used in Colombia for control of illicit crops and weeds. However, it must be mixed with an adjuvant that facilitates its action, such as the Cosmo-Flux<sup>®</sup>411F, which improves the adhesion and fixation of the herbicide into the leaves of the plants. The aim of this study was to determine the median lethal concentration (LC<sub>50</sub>) and some sublethal effects (changes in body size and swimming performance) of the Roundup<sup>®</sup> Active and the Cosmo-Flux<sup>®</sup>411F to tadpoles of four Colombian anuran species exposed under laboratory and microcosm conditions. The most sensitive species to exposure of Roundup<sup>®</sup> Active was <em>Hypsiboas crepitans</em> (Laboratory: LC<sub>50 </sub>= 1414 µg a.e. glyphosate/L; microcosm: LC<sub>50 </sub>= 4 kg a.e. glyphosate/ha), and for Cosmo-Flux<sup>®</sup>411F was <em>Rhinella humboldti</em> (Laboratory: LC<sub>50 </sub>= 319 mg/L; microcosm: LC<sub>50 </sub>= 632.3 L/ha). In laboratory and microcosms, Roundup<sup>®</sup> Active did not alter the tadpole body size or swimming performance, while the Cosmo-Flux<sup>®</sup>411F generated changes in the body size, but not in the swimming performance. Comparing the LC<sub>50</sub> of the two agrochemicals with respect to concentrations used in field, the Roundup<sup>®</sup> Active exerted a moderate risk whereas the Cosmo-Flux<sup>®</sup>411F was not lethal. In addition, the Roundup<sup>®</sup> Active was notably more toxic than the Cosmo-Flux<sup>®</sup>411F.</p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Acute toxicity and sublethal effects of the mixture glyphosate (Roundup® Active) and Cosmo-Flux®411F to anuran embryos and tadpoles of four Colombian species

2014 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliana Marcela Henao Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
High Solubility ◽  
Solubility In Water ◽  
Ionic Nature

<p>Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide in the world with application in agriculture, forestry, industrial weed control, garden and aquatic environments. However, its use is highly controversial for the possible impact on not-target organisms, such as amphibians, which are vanishing at an alarming and rapid rate. Due to the high solubility in water and ionic nature, the glyphosate requires of surfactants to increase activity. In addition, for the control of coca (<em>Erythroxylum coca</em>) and agricultural weeds in Colombia, formulated glyphosate is mixed and sprayed with the adjuvant Cosmo-Flux<sup>®</sup>411F to increase the penetration and activity of the herbicide. This study evaluates the acute toxic and sublethal effects (embryonic development, tadpole body size, tadpole swimming performance) of the mixture of the formulated glyphosate Roundup<strong><sup>®</sup></strong> Active and Cosmo-Flux<sup>®</sup>411F to anuran embryos and tadpoles of four Colombian species under 96h laboratory standard tests and microcosms, which are more similar to field conditions as they include soil, sand and macrophytes. In the laboratory, embryos and tadpoles of <em>Engystomops pustulosus</em> were the most tolerant (LC<sub>50</sub>=3 904µg a.e./L; LC<sub>50</sub>=2 799µg a.e./L, respectively), while embryos and tadpoles of <em>Hypsiboas crepitans</em> (LC<sub>50</sub>=2 203µg a.e./L; LC<sub>50</sub>=1 424µg a.e./L, respectively) were the most sensitive. <em>R. humboldti</em> and <em>R. marina</em> presented an intermediate toxicity. Embryos were significantly more tolerant to the mixture than tadpoles, which could be likely attributed to the exclusion of chemicals by the embryonic membranes and the lack of organs, such as gills, which are sensitive to surfactants. Sublethal effects were observed for the tadpole body size, but not for the embryonic development and tadpole swimming performance. In microcosms, no toxicity (LC<sub>50</sub> could not be estimated), or sublethal responses were observed at concentrations up to fourfold (14.76kg glyphosate a.e./ha) the highest field application rate of 3.69kg glyphosate a.e./ha. Thus, toxicity was less in the microcosms than in laboratory tests, which may be attributed to the presence of sediments and organic matter which rapidly adsorb glyphosate and surfactants such as POEA. It is concluded that the mixture of glyphosate (Roundup<sup>®</sup> Active) and Cosmo-Flux<sup>®</sup>411F, as used in the field, has a negligible toxic effect to embryos and tadpoles of the species tested in this study.</p>

scholarly journals Integrating Individual-Based Indices of Contaminant Effects

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 703-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher L. Rowe ◽  
William A. Hopkins ◽  
Justin D. Congdon
Keyword(s):  
Population Change ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Rana Catesbeiana ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Contaminated Site ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Exposed Population ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Growth Energy

Habitat contamination can alter numerous biological processes in individual organisms. Examining multiple individual-level responses in an integrative fashion is necessary to understand how individual health or fitness reflects environmental contamination. Here we provide an example of such an integrated perspective based upon recent studies of an amphibian (the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana) that experiences several, disparate changes when larval development occurs in a trace element�contaminated habitat. First, we present an overview of studies focused on specific responses of individuals collected from, or transplanted into, a habitat contaminated by coal combustion residues (CCR). These studies have reported morphological, behavioral, and physiological modifications to individuals chronically interacting with sediments in the CCR-contaminated site. Morphological abnormalities in the oral and tail regions in contaminant-exposed individuals influenced other properties such as grazing, growth, and swimming performance. Behavioral changes in swimming activities and responses to stimuli appear to influence predation risk in the contaminant-exposed population. Significant changes in bioenergetics in the contaminated habitat, evident as abnormally high energetic expenditures for survival (maintenance) costs, may ultimately influence production pathways (growth, energy storage) in individuals. We then present a conceptual model to examine how interactions among the affected systems (morphological, behavioral, physiological) may ultimately bring about more severe effects than would be predicted if the responses were considered in isolation. A complex interplay among simultaneously occurring biological changes emerges in which multiple, sublethal effects ultimately can translate into reductions in larval or juvenile survival, and thus reduced recruitment of juveniles into the population. In systems where individuals are exposed to low concentrations of contaminants for long periods of time, research focused on one or few sublethal responses could substantially underestimate overall effects on individuals. We suggest that investigators adopt a more integrated perspective on contaminant-induced biological changes so that studies of individual-based effects can be better integrated into analyses of mechanisms of population change.

Sublethal effects of lead acetate on the Y-maze performance of albino mice (Mus musculus L.)

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 771-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Ogilvie
Keyword(s):  
Lead Acetate ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Motor Disability ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Albino Mice ◽  
Locomotor Ability ◽  
Do So ◽  
Drinking Solution

To determine if lead exposure could impair learning ability, the swimming performance of albino mice in a double Y maze was studied after 2 weeks of treatment with a 10-mg/ml drinking solution of lead acetate. This dose was sublethal and although it depressed weight gain, no overt symptoms of toxicity were observed. Lead-treated mice swam the maze significantly slower than the controls, and 40% of these animals were unable to perform to criterion, apparently because of a lead-induced impairment of locomotor ability. The lead-treated animals which did reach criterion required slightly more trials to do so than the controls, and they made significantly more errors. This finding suggests that the lead may have interfered with learning per se, in addition to causing a motor disability.

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