scholarly journals PSXIII-5 Nitrogen Retention and Protein Quality in Dogs and Cats Fed Commercial Pet Food.

2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (suppl_3) ◽  
pp. 160-161
Author(s):  
A Geiger ◽  
L Weber
Keyword(s):  
Protein Quality ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Pet Food

Least cost diets to reduce nitrogen excretion by growing and finishing pigs

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 ◽  
pp. 36-36
Author(s):  
R.M. Kay ◽  
P.A. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Water System ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Ideal Protein ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Feeding Diets

In the UK, pollution of the water system with nitrate nitrogen leaching from the soil is seen as a major problem and farm animal effluents have been identified as a major source of nitrate pollution. It would, therefore, be beneficial to the livestock producer and to the environment if the nitrogen excretion from animals could be kept to a minimum. To limit the excretion of nitrogen by the pig, it is necessary to supply amino acids in the diet in better agreement with its dietary requirements. This could be achieved either by feeding diets according to the pig's requirements based on age and/or weight (phase feeding) or by improving protein quality. The best protein quality would be that which has the same balance of essential amino acids (EAA) with respect to lysine as that required by the pig, i.e. ideal protein. Diets formulated on the basis of total dietary EAA on an ideal protein basis, using crystalline EAA, could enable lower crude protein (CP) diets to be offered whilst maintaining nitrogen retention (NR). An alternative approach to formulating diets would be to base the formulations on either: 1) currently available, commercial database values for ileal digestible EAA values of ingredients to achieve diets as close to ideal protein as possible but within least cost formulation constraints; or 2) ingredients limited simply to cereals and pulses and supplemented with crystalline EAA to formulate as close to ideal protein as possible. The object of the present experiment was to evaluate diets, formulated on this basis, in terms of nitrogen intake (NI), excretion (NE) and retention (NR) in pigs using balance studies.

The effects of different intakes of crude protein on nitrogen utilization in the pregnant and lactating rabbit

1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. Partridge ◽  
S. J. Allan
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Reproductive Cycles ◽  
Tissue Accretion

ABSTRACTThree experimental diets (L, M and H) containing 135, 175 and 210 g crude protein per kg dry matter respectively were given to crossbred does in two experiments. Protein quality was constant throughout.In experiment 1 a total of 18 does (six per diet) were given the diets during two successive reproductive cycles. Losses of nitrogen in faeces and urine were estimated for four successive 7-day periods in each 28-day lactation period. Litters were culled at birth to give ‘high’ and ‘low’ lactational loads with 8 and 4 pups respectively. Total 28-day milk yields on diets L, M and H were 3·89, 4·82 and 5·27 kg respectively with eight pups sucking, and 302, 400 and 400kg respectively with four pups. These differences in milk yield were directly reflected in the weights of the pups when weaned at 28 days of age. There was no effect of diet on milk composition, pup birth weight or litter size. Does given diet L did not always consume their allotted ration and this may have affected the results.The proportion of digested nitrogen utilized for milk protein synthesis differed significantly between diets and lactational loads, and was at its maximum (0·72) when diet L was given to does with eight pups. Does suckling eight pups retained 005 of the nitrogen they digested in their body tissues and those with four pups 0·13; there were no differences between diets in this respect.In experiment 2 the nitrogen retention of 18 does (six per diet) was measured during pregnancy. Nitrogen retention increased as pregnancy progressed, and overall 0·20 of digested nitrogen was retained for conceptus growth and doe body tissue accretion.

Use of 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid to inhibit Salmonella and Listeria in raw meat for feline diets and palatability in domestic cats

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiana G Owens ◽  
Broghan A King ◽  
Devon R Radford ◽  
Philip Strange ◽  
Laura Arvaj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Quality ◽  
Preference Test ◽  
Food Product ◽  
Similar Efficacy ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Ground Meat ◽  
Domestic Cats ◽  
Pet Food ◽  
Butanoic Acid ◽  
Liquid Environment

Abstract While the raw pet food market continues to grow, the risk of bacterial contamination in these types of diets is a major concern, with Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes being the most frequently associated pathogens in raw pet food product recalls. dl-Methionine is included in some commercial feline kibble and canned diets to improve protein quality; however, an alternative to this is a liquid methionine supplement, 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid (HMTBa), which is also an organic acid. 2-Hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid has previously demonstrated similar efficacy to formic acid against pathogens in a liquid environment and may be a good candidate to inhibit S. enterica and L. monocytogenes in raw ground meat. First, the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of HMTBa against these pathogens under laboratory growth conditions were determined by measuring growth of pathogens over 36 h when exposed to 10 concentrations of HMTBa (0.10% to 1.00%) mixed with tryptic soy broth. 2-Hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid included at ≥0.50% was bactericidal to S. enterica and L. monocytogenes (P < 0.05). Next, five levels of HMTBa (0.50% to 1.25%) were included in raw ground meat mixtures inoculated with cocktails of S. enterica or L. monocytogenes, and contamination levels were determined at four timepoints: immediately, and after refrigerated storage (4 °C) at 24, 48, and 72 h after removal from freezer (24 h at −20 °C). 2-Hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid included as 1.25% of the meat mixture reduced S. enterica and L. monocytogenes compared with the control (P < 0.05); however, it did not result in total kill of either of these pathogens. Following this, feeding behaviors of seven domestic cats were assessed when offered a raw chicken diet treated with or without 1.25% HMTBa for 5 d each, after which a 2-d 2-choice preference test was conducted. Cats demonstrated a preference for raw diets without HMTBa, but still readily consumed diets with 1.25% HMTBa, suggesting that such a diet was still palatable to them.

scholarly journals Use of the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay to determine standardized amino acid digestibility, true metabolizable energy content, and digestible indispensable amino acid scores of plant-based protein by-products used in canine and feline diets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren M Reilly ◽  
Patrick C von Schaumburg ◽  
Jolene M Hoke ◽  
Gary M Davenport ◽  
Pamela L Utterback ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Pet Food ◽  
Indispensable Amino Acid ◽  
Indispensable Amino Acids ◽  
Limiting Amino Acid ◽  
By Products

Abstract Traditionally, protein by-products from oil seeds and cereal grains have been used in pet foods as sustainable, inexpensive, and protein-rich ingredients. However, the on-going demonization of soy- and corn-based ingredients continue to hinder their use in pet food and treat formulations. Ideally, the further demonstration of their protein quality and nutrient composition may encourage their favorable return as acceptable ingredients in pet foods and treats. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the macronutrient composition, indispensable amino acid profile, standardized amino acid digestibility, true metabolizable energy content corrected for nitrogen (TMEn), and digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS-like) of soy flakes (SF), peanut flour (PF), soybean meal (SBM), and corn gluten meal (CGM). Standardized amino acid digestibility was assessed using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay. All test ingredients demonstrated a profile of highly digestible indispensable amino acids except for lysine in PF, which was lowest (P < 0.05) at 45.5%. The SBM and CGM had the highest (P > 0.05) digestibilities of indispensable amino acids. A DIAAS-like values was calculated for each ingredient using either AAFCO (2020) recommended values or NRC (2006) recommended allowances as the reference protein pattern. For adult dogs compared to AAFCO recommended values, the first-limiting amino acid was lysine for PF and CGM but it was methionine for SF and SBM. For adult cats compared to AAFCO recommended values, the first-limiting amino acid was lysine for PF and CGM but it was threonine for SF. There was no first-limiting amino acid in SBM for cats as DIAAS-like values were over 100% for all indispensable amino acids. The TMEn values were highest (P < 0.05) for PF and CGM (4.58 and 4.31 kcal/g [dry matter basis], respectively). The protein quality of these plant-based protein by-products reflect their value as nutritional ingredients for canine and feline diets. However, the prior processing of these by-products must be considered before exposing them to additional processing methods, such as extrusion. Additionally, the inclusion of complementary proteins or supplemental amino acids will be needed to meet all indispensable amino acid requirements for a nutritionally complete and balanced pet food.

Manipulating dietary crude protein to reduce nitrogen excreted by pigs

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 ◽  
pp. 37-37
Author(s):  
P.A. Lee ◽  
R.M. Kay ◽  
P.J. Fullarton ◽  
A.W.R. Cullin ◽  
S. Jagger
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Water System ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Amino Acid Supplementation ◽  
Ideal Protein ◽  
The Uk

In the UK, pollution of the water system with nitrate nitrogen leaching from the soil is seen as a major problem and farm animal effluents have been identified as a major source of nitrate pollution. It would, therefore, be beneficial to the livestock producer and to the environment if the nitrogen excretion from animals could be kept to a minimum. To limit the excretion of nitrogen by the pig, it is necessary to supply amino acids in the diet in better agreement with its dietary requirements. This could be achieved either by feeding diets according to the pig's requirements based on age and/or weight (phase feeding) or by improving protein quality. The best protein quality would be that which has the same balance of essential amino acids (EAA) with respect to lysine as that in ideal protein. Diets formulated on the basis of total dietary EAA on an ideal protein basis, using crystalline EAA, could enable lower crude protein (CP) diets to be offered whilst maintaining nitrogen retention (NR). The majority of the experimental evidence to support the theory of low crude protein (CP) diets comes from either the use of cereals alone with crystalline amino acid supplementation or diets high in maize by-products and low in lysine : digestible energy (Lys : DE) which contrast with the type of diets commonly used in the UK. A series of experiments have therefore been carried out to investigate more thoroughly the possibility of using dietary manipulation, based on diet specifications and ingredients more appropriate to the UK, to reduce nitrogen excretion by the pig, whilst at the same time maintaining the high level of lean gain achieved by UK stock. The object of the present experiment was to determine the effect of isocaloric diets which differed in CP content but had similar levels of essential amino acids (EAA), on nitrogen excretion (NE) and retention (NR) by growing and finishing pigs; these diets being formulated on an ileal digestible EAA (IEAA) basis.

Least cost diets to reduce nitrogen excretion by growing and finishing pigs

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 ◽  
pp. 36-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.M. Kay ◽  
P.A. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Water System ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Ideal Protein ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Feeding Diets

In the UK, pollution of the water system with nitrate nitrogen leaching from the soil is seen as a major problem and farm animal effluents have been identified as a major source of nitrate pollution. It would, therefore, be beneficial to the livestock producer and to the environment if the nitrogen excretion from animals could be kept to a minimum. To limit the excretion of nitrogen by the pig, it is necessary to supply amino acids in the diet in better agreement with its dietary requirements. This could be achieved either by feeding diets according to the pig's requirements based on age and/or weight (phase feeding) or by improving protein quality. The best protein quality would be that which has the same balance of essential amino acids (EAA) with respect to lysine as that required by the pig, i.e. ideal protein. Diets formulated on the basis of total dietary EAA on an ideal protein basis, using crystalline EAA, could enable lower crude protein (CP) diets to be offered whilst maintaining nitrogen retention (NR). An alternative approach to formulating diets would be to base the formulations on either: 1) currently available, commercial database values for ileal digestible EAA values of ingredients to achieve diets as close to ideal protein as possible but within least cost formulation constraints; or 2) ingredients limited simply to cereals and pulses and supplemented with crystalline EAA to formulate as close to ideal protein as possible. The object of the present experiment was to evaluate diets, formulated on this basis, in terms of nitrogen intake (NI), excretion (NE) and retention (NR) in pigs using balance studies.

scholarly journals The quality of protein in various lines of peas

1971 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satinder Bajaj ◽  
Olaf Mickelsen ◽  
L. R. Baker ◽  
Deran Markarian
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Adequate Diet ◽  
Rat Growth

1. The protein quality as evaluated by nitrogen incorporation efficiency (NIE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) was determined for twenty-eight breeding lines of peas (Pisum sativum L.) which had been grown under similar field conditions.2. Different lines of peas, when given as the sole source of protein to weanling rats at a 10 % level in an otherwise adequate diet, varied from 18 to 78% of that of casein in their ability to support growth and nitrogen retention. There was close correlation between PER and NIE values.3. From analysis of rat growth curves, the pea lines were separated into those that produced fairly good growth and those that barely maintained the initial body-weight. However, growth rate alone did not rank pea lines in the same order as PER or NIE.4. Carcass protein, as a percentage of body-weight, was higher in pea-fed (20.4%) than in casein-fed rats (18.8%).This was probably associated with a difference in body fat content.5. There was no correlation between protein quality and the protein content of the different pea lines.

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