Self-Reported Long-Term Smoking Cessation in Patients with Respiratory Disease: Prediction of Success and Perception of Health Effects

1988 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 804-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
L L PEDERSON ◽  
J M WANKLIN ◽  
N M LEFCOE
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Disease Prediction ◽  
Perception Of Health

scholarly journals E-cigarettes: The Long-Term Liberal Perspective

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalle Grill
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Moral Issue ◽  
Moral Issues ◽  
Future Society ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Liberal Perspective ◽  
Do So

Abstract The debate for and against making e-cigarettes available to smokers is to a large extent empirical. We do not know the long-term health effects of vaping and we do not know how smokers will respond to e-cigarettes over time. In addition to these empirical uncertainties, however, there are difficult moral issues to consider. One such issue is that many smokers in some sense choose to smoke. Though smoking is addictive and though many start young, it does not seem impossible to plan for and implement cessation. Yet many choose not to do so and we arguably have some reason to respect this choice. I propose that liberal opposition to strict tobacco control, based on respect for choice, is mitigated when e-cigarettes are available, since they are such a close substitute. Making e-cigarettes available to smokers might therefore not only enable switching in practice, but may make tougher tobacco control more justified. Another moral issue is that making e-cigarettes widely available might induce many people to vape, who would otherwise have neither vaped nor smoked. If this is so, the price of using e-cigarettes to accelerate smoking cessation may be a long-term vaping epidemic. Since vaping is less harmful than smoking, both individuals and society will have less reason to end this epidemic and so it may endure longer than the smoking epidemic would otherwise have done. This raises further questions around the weighing of reduced harm to current smokers against increased harm to future vapers. Implications Because they are a close substitute, e-cigarettes makes tougher tobacco control more morally and politically feasible. Because e-cigarettes are less harmful than combustibles, making them available may accelerate smoking cessation but also lead to a long-term vaping epidemic, as we have less reason to combat vaping, once established. Moral evaluation of this possible scenario requires considering at least three things: (1) the cost of addiction to autonomy, in addition to health effects, (2) possible distributional effects due to differences between current smokers and future vapers, and (3) the fact that a possible vaping epidemic affects mainly future people and future society.

scholarly journals Electronic cigarettes: a task force report from the European Respiratory Society

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 1801151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Bals ◽  
Jeanette Boyd ◽  
Susanna Esposito ◽  
Robert Foronjy ◽  
Pieter S. Hiemstra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Task Force Report ◽  
Behavioural Aspects

There is a marked increase in the development and use of electronic nicotine delivery systems or electronic cigarettes (ECIGs). This statement covers electronic cigarettes (ECIGs), defined as “electrical devices that generate an aerosol from a liquid” and thus excludes devices that contain tobacco. Database searches identified published articles that were used to summarise the current knowledge on the epidemiology of ECIG use; their ingredients and accompanied health effects; second-hand exposure; use of ECIGs for smoking cessation; behavioural aspects of ECIGs and social impact;in vitroand animal studies; and user perspectives.ECIG aerosol contains potentially toxic chemicals. As compared to conventional cigarettes, these are fewer and generally in lower concentrations. Second-hand exposures to ECIG chemicals may represent a potential risk, especially to vulnerable populations. There is not enough scientific evidence to support ECIGs as an aid to smoking cessation due to a lack of controlled trials, including those that compare ECIGs with licenced stop-smoking treatments. So far, there are conflicting data that use of ECIGs results in a renormalisation of smoking behaviour or for the gateway hypothesis. Experiments in cell cultures and animal studies show that ECIGs can have multiple negative effects. The long-term effects of ECIG use are unknown, and there is therefore no evidence that ECIGs are safer than tobacco in the long term. Based on current knowledge, negative health effects cannot be ruled out.

After the Storm: Short-term and Long-term Health Effects Following Superstorm Sandy among the Elderly

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne R. Lawrence ◽  
Ziqiang Lin ◽  
Emily A. Lipton ◽  
Guthrie Birkhead ◽  
Michael Primeau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Time Window ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Emergency Department Visits ◽  
Superstorm Sandy ◽  
Short And Long Term

ABSTRACTObjectiveInvestigate short- and long-term effects of Superstorm Sandy on multiple morbidities among the elderly.MethodsWe examined emergency department visits; outpatient visits; and hospital admissions for cardiovascular disease (CVD), respiratory disease, and injury among residents residing in 8 affected counties immediately, 4 months, and 12 months following Superstorm Sandy. Control groups were defined as visits/admissions during the identical time window in the 5 years before (2007-2011) and 1 year after (2013-2014) the storm in affected and nonaffected counties in New York. We performed Poisson regression to test whether there was an association of increased visits/admissions for periods following Superstorm Sandy while controlling for covariates.ResultsWe found that the risk for CVD, respiratory disease, and injury visits/admissions was more than twice as high immediately, 4 months, and 12 months after the storm than it was in the control periods. Women were at greater risk at all time periods for CVD (risk ratio [RR], 2.04) and respiratory disease (RRs: 1.89 to 1.92). Whites had higher risk for CVD, respiratory disease, and injury than other racial groups during each period.ConclusionWe observed increases in CVD, respiratory disease, and injury up to a year following Superstorm Sandy. Findings demonstrate the need to incorporate short- and long-term health effects into public health recovery. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:28-32)

scholarly journals Long-Term Exposure to Nanosized TiO2 Triggers Stress Responses and Cell Death Pathways in Pulmonary Epithelial Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 5349
Author(s):  
Mayes Alswady-Hoff ◽  
Johanna Samulin Erdem ◽  
Santosh Phuyal ◽  
Oskar Knittelfelder ◽  
Animesh Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Cell Stress ◽  
Lipid Classes ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Cell Death Pathways ◽  
Pulmonary Epithelial Cells

There is little in vitro data available on long-term effects of TiO2 exposure. Such data are important for improving the understanding of underlying mechanisms of adverse health effects of TiO2. Here, we exposed pulmonary epithelial cells to two doses (0.96 and 1.92 µg/cm2) of TiO2 for 13 weeks and effects on cell cycle and cell death mechanisms, i.e., apoptosis and autophagy were determined after 4, 8 and 13 weeks of exposure. Changes in telomere length, cellular protein levels and lipid classes were also analyzed at 13 weeks of exposure. We observed that the TiO2 exposure increased the fraction of cells in G1-phase and reduced the fraction of cells in G2-phase, which was accompanied by an increase in the fraction of late apoptotic/necrotic cells. This corresponded with an induced expression of key apoptotic proteins i.e., BAD and BAX, and an accumulation of several lipid classes involved in cellular stress and apoptosis. These findings were further supported by quantitative proteome profiling data showing an increase in proteins involved in cell stress and genomic maintenance pathways following TiO2 exposure. Altogether, we suggest that cell stress response and cell death pathways may be important molecular events in long-term health effects of TiO2.

scholarly journals A 7-month inhalation toxicology study in C57BL/6 mice demonstrates reduced pulmonary inflammation and emphysematous changes following smoking cessation or switching to e-vapor products

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 239784732199587
Author(s):  
Ashutosh Kumar ◽  
Ulrike Kogel ◽  
Marja Talikka ◽  
Celine Merg ◽  
Emmanuel Guedj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Pulmonary Inflammation ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Inhalation Study ◽  
Toxicology Study ◽  
Nasal Tissue ◽  
Product Switching ◽  
The Impact

Cigarette smoking causes serious diseases, including lung cancer, atherosclerotic coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. While cessation remains the most effective approach to minimize smoking-related disease, alternative non-combustible tobacco-derived nicotine-containing products may reduce disease risks among those unable or unwilling to quit. E-vapor aerosols typically contain significantly lower levels of smoke-related harmful and potentially harmful constituents; however, health risks of long-term inhalation exposures are unknown. We designed a 7-month inhalation study in C57BL/6 mice to evaluate long-term respiratory toxicity of e-vapor aerosols compared to cigarette smoke and to assess the impact of smoking cessation (Cessation group) or switching to an e-vapor product (Switching group) after 3 months of exposure to 3R4F cigarette smoke (CS). There were no significant changes in in-life observations (body weights, clinical signs) in e-vapor groups compared to the Sham Control. The 3R4F CS group showed reduced respiratory function during exposure and had lower body weight and showed transient signs of distress post-exposure. Following 7 months of exposure, e-vapor aerosols resulted in no or minimal increase in pulmonary inflammation, while exposure to 3R4F CS led to impairment of lung function and caused marked lung inflammation and emphysematous changes. Biological changes observed in the Switching group were similar to the Cessation group. 3R4F CS exposure dysregulated the lung and nasal tissue transcriptome, while these molecular effects were substantially lower in the e-vapor group. Results from this study demonstrate that in comparison with 3R4F CS, e-vapor aerosols induce substantially lower biological responses including pulmonary inflammation and emphysematous changes, and that complete switching from CS to e-vapor products significantly reduces biological changes associated with CS in C57BL/6 mice.

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