scholarly journals Impact of naval sonar signals on Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) during summer feeding

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 1078-1085 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lise Doksæter Sivle ◽  
Petter Helgevold Kvadsheim ◽  
Michael A. Ainslie ◽  
Andrew Solow ◽  
Nils Olav Handegard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Killer Whale ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Atlantic Herring ◽  
Norwegian Sea ◽  
Fish Schools ◽  
Active Sonar ◽  
Sound Exposure ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Summer Feeding

Abstract Sivle, L. D., Kvadsheim, P. H., Ainslie, M. A., Solow, A., Handegard, N. O. Nordlund, N., and Lam, F-P. A. 2012. Impact of naval sonar signals on Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) during summer feeding. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 1078–1085. Naval anti-submarine sonars produce intense sounds within the hearing range of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus). In this study, schools of Atlantic herring were exposed to sonar signals of 1–2 kHz (low-frequency active sonar, LFAS) and 6–7 kHz (mid-frequency active sonar, MFAS) and playbacks of killer whale feeding sounds during their summer feeding migration in the Norwegian Sea. The fish schools neither significantly dived nor changed their packing density in response to the LFAS and MFAS transmissions received by the fish at estimated sound pressure levels (SPLs; RMS) up to 176 and 157 dB re 1 μPa and estimated cumulative sound exposure levels up to 181 and 162 dB re 1 μPa² s, respectively. In contrast, killer whale feeding sounds induced diving responses at received SPLs at ∼150 dB re 1 μPa. Herring behaviour was studied by using a 116-kHz hull mounted fishery sonar. This seems a promising method for studying the behaviour of free-ranging fish in situations in which other methods are difficult to use, such as migrating schools and fish close to the surface.

scholarly journals Evidence for a clustered spatial distribution of clupeid fish schools in the Norwegian Sea and off the coast of southwest Africa

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (7) ◽  
pp. 1088-1092 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eli Kyrkjebø Haugland ◽  
Ole Arve Misund
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Norwegian Sea ◽  
Fish Schools ◽  
Second Mode ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sardinops Sagax ◽  
Southwest Africa

Abstract To quantify and characterize the spatial distribution of clupeid fish schools, sonar data were collected during surveys off the coast of Namibia in 1994 (pilchard (Sardinops sagax), anchovy (Engraulis capensis), and round herring (Etrumeus whiteheadi)), off Angola in 1995 (sardinella (Sardinella sp.)) and in the Norwegian Sea in 1997 and 1998 (Norwegian spring-spawning herring (Clupea harengus L.)). The two-dimensional distances between clupeid schools were calculated in the order that the different schools were observed along the survey vessels transect lines. In all four surveys, two different modes (frequency distribution maximums) were observed. The first mode, representing the most usual interschool distance, was about 60 m. The second mode, around 1600 m, probably represented the distances between different clusters. The distances between clupeid schools and between different clusters were found to be about the same for separate pelagic clupeid species, locations, and years of observation. The mean diameters of the school clusters were estimated to vary between 450 and 1450 m.

scholarly journals Potential for population-level disturbance by active sonar in herring

2014 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 558-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.D. Sivle ◽  
P.H. Kvadsheim ◽  
M.A. Ainslie
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Atlantic Herring ◽  
Active Sonar ◽  
Sound Levels ◽  
Population Consequences ◽  
Potential Population ◽  
Population Effects ◽  
Level Disturbance

Abstract For conservation purposes, it is important to evaluate potential population consequences of noise disturbance. Based on maximum reported sound levels of no response to sonar, a mathematical model is used to predict the potential risk to the population of herring (Clupea harengus) when these levels are exceeded. Results show that risk varies with season depending on density of fish. During widespread feeding, the risk of any population consequences is low even at sonar source levels up to 235 dB (re 1 µPa m) and exercise durations exceeding 24 h at sonar frequencies 1–2 kHz. The risk of population effects increases in periods when the population aggregates, but given that our response estimates are conservative, it seems unlikely that today’s naval sonar activity will lead to population consequences in Atlantic herring.

Predicting the Movements of Juvenile Atlantic Herring (Clupea harengus harengus) in the SW Bay of Fundy Using Computer Simulation Techniques

1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesario L. Jovellanos ◽  
David E. Gaskin
Keyword(s):  
High Water ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Bay Of Fundy ◽  
Atlantic Herring ◽  
Size Segregation ◽  
Fish Schools ◽  
Simulation Techniques ◽  
Clupea Harengus Harengus ◽  
Cross Current ◽  
Computer Simulation Techniques

A simulation model of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus harengus) locomotion was used to predict the movements and distribution of 2-yr-old juveniles during the summer within the Quoddy region of the southwestern Bay of Fundy. The model assumed herring (i) swim at speeds of 1–2 body lengths per second, (ii) exhibit positive rheotaxis, and (iii) display cross-current movements whose frequency varies inversely with the speed of the current. Independent sets of simulated fish schools were introduced into a computer model of the study area at two sites (Letete approaches, Head Harbor approaches) and tide phases (slack low water, slack high water). Only those simulated schools entering through the Letete approaches at slack low water yielded the spatial pattern showing significant concordance with catch-by-weir records, acoustic survey data, and the distribution of foraging flocks of common terns (Sterna hirundo). The simulation indicated high mortality due to the weir fishery and the possibility of size-segregation in Quoddy herring.Key words: acoustics, Bay of Fundy, distribution, herring, locomotion, model, movements, Quoddy region, simulation, weir fishery

scholarly journals Stock structure of Atlantic herring Clupea harengus in the Norwegian Sea and adjacent waters

2015 ◽  
Vol 522 ◽  
pp. 219-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Pampoulie ◽  
A Slotte ◽  
GJ Óskarsson ◽  
SJ Helyar ◽  
Á Jónsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Stock Structure ◽  
Atlantic Herring ◽  
Norwegian Sea

Atlantic Herring (Clupea harengus) Distributions in the Gulf of Maine – Scotian Shelf Area in Relation to Oceanographic Features

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 880-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sinclair ◽  
T. D. Iles
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Gulf Of Maine ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Atlantic Herring ◽  
Shelf Area ◽  
Larval Phase ◽  
Population Mixing ◽  
Plankton Production ◽  
Physical Features ◽  
Summer Feeding

There are clear, temporally persistent patterns in the spatial distributions of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) at various life history stages. Three areas of potential importance for summer feeding and overwintering and one juvenile nursery area are described. In contrast, there are several well-defined spawning locations and larval distributional areas. The distributional patterns infer considerable between-population mixing at all phases of the life history except at spawning time itself and during the first several months of the larval phase. The life history distributions are interpreted in relation to tidally induced oceanographic features of the area. The specific locations of spawning and the associated larval distributions are interpreted to be a function of the location of physical features associated with "larval retention." The summer-feeding areas are associated with the location of tidally induced temperature fronts where plankton production is high. The larval distributional areas are argued to be occupied in spite of their particular plankton characteristics rather than because of them. The observed distributions are not consistent with some fisheries biology theories.

scholarly journals Mackerel predation on herring larvae during summer feeding in the Norwegian Sea

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 2313-2321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georg Skaret ◽  
Eneko Bachiller ◽  
Herdis Langøy ◽  
Erling K. Stenevik
Keyword(s):  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Distribution Area ◽  
Calanoid Copepods ◽  
Norwegian Sea ◽  
Atlantic Mackerel ◽  
Investigation Area ◽  
Pelagic Larvae ◽  
Coastal Shelf ◽  
Regulatory Effects ◽  
Summer Feeding

Abstract In the course of the past two decades, Atlantic mackerel, Scomber scombrus, have expanded their summer feeding distribution in the Norwegian Sea substantially, and now potentially overlap with pelagic larvae of Norwegian spring-spawning herring, Clupea harengus, as these drift northwards. Mackerel are known to be opportunistic predators, and the aim of this study was to evaluate mackerel predation in an area of overlap between mackerel and herring larvae, with particular focus on predation on herring larvae. In early June 2013, we followed a predefined transect in the expected core larvae distribution area on the Norwegian coastal shelf between about 66°N and 69°N. The transect was repeated twice, and samples of mackerel for stomach analyses and subsequent herring larvae samples were obtained at pre-defined stations. Mackerel were caught in all but one of the trawl hauls, but were hardly ever observed acoustically, suggesting that they were dispersed close to the surface throughout the study area. Herring larvae were caught in all samples. Calanoid copepods were the dominant prey of the mackerel, but 45% of the mackerel guts contained herring larvae, with a maximum of 225 larvae counted in a single gut. Both the frequency of guts containing herring larvae and the average amount of herring larvae increased in line with increasing abundance of larvae. On the other hand, no spatial correlation between mackerel abundance and herring larvae abundance was found at the station level. The results suggest that mackerel fed opportunistically on herring larvae, and that predation pressure therefore largely depends on the degree of overlap in time and space. Rough areal projections suggest that the mackerel would be capable of consuming the herring larvae present in the investigation area in 6–7 d, and that such predation therefore could have regulatory effects on stocks of Norwegian spring-spawning herring.

The reaction of a captive herring school to playbacks of a noise-reduced and a conventional research vessel

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils Olav Handegard ◽  
Alex De Robertis ◽  
Guillaume Rieucau ◽  
Kevin Boswell ◽  
Gavin J. Macaulay
Keyword(s):  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Research Vessel ◽  
Frequency Noise ◽  
Atlantic Herring ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Vessel Noise ◽  
Fish Avoidance

Fish avoidance of vessels can bias fisheries-independent surveys. To understand these biases, recordings of underwater radiated vessel noise from a noise-reduced and a conventional research vessel were played back at the same sound pressure levels (SPL) as experienced in situ to Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) in a net pen at two different densities. The noise-reduced vessel recording was also scaled to the same SPL as the conventional vessel to test if characteristics other than SPL affected the reactions. Overall, only weak reactions were observed, but reactions were stronger in the low-density school, in the middle of the pen, and for the scaled silent vessel compared with the conventional vessel. These observations may be attributable to the lack of low frequencies (<50 Hz) in the playbacks, differential motivation for reaction driven by fish density, higher low-frequency noise in the middle of the pen (but lower overall SPL), and characteristics other than SPL. These results call into question the use of SPL as a proxy for fish reaction to vessels as used in standards for construction of research vessels.

scholarly journals Adult body growth and reproductive investment vary markedly within and across Atlantic and Pacific herring: a meta-analysis and review of 26 stocks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thassya C. dos Santos Schmidt ◽  
Doug E. Hay ◽  
Svein Sundby ◽  
Jennifer A. Devine ◽  
Guðmundur J. Óskarsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Egg Size ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Reproductive Investment ◽  
Body Growth ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Atlantic Herring ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Investment In Reproduction

AbstractLife-history traits of Pacific (Clupea pallasii) and Atlantic (Clupea harengus) herring, comprising both local and oceanic stocks subdivided into summer-autumn and spring spawners, were extensively reviewed. The main parameters investigated were body growth, condition, and reproductive investment. Body size of Pacific herring increased with increasing latitude. This pattern was inconsistent for Atlantic herring. Pacific and local Norwegian herring showed comparable body conditions, whereas oceanic Atlantic herring generally appeared stouter. Among Atlantic herring, summer and autumn spawners produced many small eggs compared to spring spawners, which had fewer but larger eggs—findings agreeing with statements given several decades ago. The 26 herring stocks we analysed, when combined across distant waters, showed clear evidence of a trade-off between fecundity and egg size. The size-specific individual variation, often ignored, was substantial. Additional information on biometrics clarified that oceanic stocks were generally larger and had longer life spans than local herring stocks, probably related to their longer feeding migrations. Body condition was only weakly, positively related to assumingly in situ annual temperatures (0–30 m depth). Contrarily, body growth (cm × y−1), taken as an integrator of ambient environmental conditions, closely reflected the extent of investment in reproduction. Overall, Pacific and local Norwegian herring tended to cluster based on morphometric and reproductive features, whereas oceanic Atlantic herring clustered separately. Our work underlines that herring stocks are uniquely adapted to their habitats in terms of trade-offs between fecundity and egg size whereas reproductive investment mimics the productivity of the water in question.

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