scholarly journals Draft Genome of Busseola fusca, the Maize Stalk Borer, a Major Crop Pest in Sub-Saharan Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2203-2207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kayla M Hardwick ◽  
Awino Maureiq Edith Ojwang' ◽  
Francesca Stomeo ◽  
Solomon Maina ◽  
Gladys Bichang’a ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Busseola Fusca ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Stalk Borer ◽  
Genomic Resources ◽  
Repeat Content

Abstract The maize stalk borer, Busseola fusca, is an important Lepidopteran pest of cereal crops in Central, East, and Southern Africa. Crop losses due to B. fusca feeding activity vary by region, but can result in total crop loss in areas with high levels of infestation. Genomic resources provide critical insight into the biology of pest species and can allow for the development of effective management tools and strategies to mitigate their impact on agriculture. To this end, we sequenced, assembled, and annotated the genome of B. fusca. The total assembled genome size was 492.9 Mb with 19,417 annotated protein-coding genes. Using a comparative approach, we identified a putative expansion in the Chorion gene family, which is involved in the formation of the egg shell structure. Our analysis revealed high repeat content within the B. fusca genome, with LTR sequences comprising the majority of the repetitive sequence. We hope genomic resources will provide a foundation for future work aimed at developing an integrated pest management strategy to reduce B. fusca’s impact on food security.

scholarly journals Comprehensive Transcriptome of the Maize Stalk Borer, Busseola fusca, from Multiple Tissue Types, Developmental Stages, and Parasitoid Wasp Exposures

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 2554-2560
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Target Genes ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Busseola Fusca ◽  
Parasitoid Wasp ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Parasitoid Wasps ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Stalk Borer

Abstract Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), the maize stalk borer, is a widespread crop pest in sub-Saharan Africa that has been the focus of biological research and intensive management strategies. Here, we present a comprehensive annotated transcriptome of B. fusca (originally collected in the Western Province of Kenya) based on ten pooled libraries including a wide array of developmental stages, tissue types, and exposures to parasitoid wasps. Parasitoid wasps have been used as a form of biocontrol to try and reduce crop losses with variable success, in part due to differential infectivities and immune responses among wasps and hosts. We identified a number of loci of interest for pest management, including genes potentially involved in chemoreception, immunity, and response to insecticides. The comprehensive sampling design used expands our current understanding of the transcriptome of this species and deepens the list of potential target genes for future crop loss mitigation, in addition to highlighting candidate loci for differential expression and functional genetic analyses in this important pest species.

Phylogeography and population genetics of the maize stalk borer Busseola fusca (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in sub-Saharan Africa

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 407-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. SEZONLIN ◽  
S. DUPAS ◽  
B. LE RÜ ◽  
P. LE GALL ◽  
P. MOYAL ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Genetics ◽  
Busseola Fusca ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Stalk Borer ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

scholarly journals A system dynamics model for pests and natural enemies interactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonoukpoè Mawuko Sokame ◽  
Henri E. Z. Tonnang ◽  
Sevgan Subramanian ◽  
Anani Y. Bruce ◽  
Thomas Dubois ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
System Dynamics ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Busseola Fusca ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Sesamia Calamistis ◽  
System Thinking ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Causal Loop Diagram ◽  
System Dynamics Model ◽  
Dynamics Model

AbstractStemborers (Busseola fusca, Sesamia calamistis and Chilo partellus), the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and associated parasitoids constitute an interacting system in maize fields in Kenya. This work aims at developing and evaluating models that represent the evolution of those interactions by applying system thinking and system dynamics approaches with its archetypes [causal loop diagram (CLD), reinforcing (R) and balancing (B)] to analyse the population of these multi-species systems. The software Vensim PLE 8.0.9 was used to implement the models and carry out the simulations of single- and multi-species systems. The results showed that when a single pest species with its associated parasitoids interact with the host plant, the species was able to establish and sustain by cyclical relationship between populations of the pest and the associated parasitoids. However, in multi- pest species systems, dominance of S. frugiperda and C. partellus over B. fusca and S. calamistis was observed, but without extinction. However, there was a likelihood for B. fusca being displaced by C. partellus. Overall, the models predict the co-existence of fall armyworm with stemborer species as an additional pest of maize in Africa that need to be considered henceforth in designing IPM strategies in maize.

scholarly journals Assortments of Digestive Enzymes Induced in First Instar Larvae of Busseola fusca Feeding on Different Plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 117954331984352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gérald Juma ◽  
Bruno Le Ru ◽  
Paul-André Calatayud
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Busseola Fusca ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Host Acceptance ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Sub Saharan

The stem borer Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an important pest of maize and sorghum in sub-Saharan Africa. This insect has oligophagous feeding habits, feeding mostly on maize and sorghum with a narrow range of wild Poaceous plant species. We hypothesised that first instar B. fusca larvae, the critical stage for successful establishment on a host plant, can establish and then grow on a particular plant as a result of induction of a complement of digestive enzymes that mediates host acceptance at first instars. A fast semi-quantitative analysis of potentially digestive enzymatic activities present in the first larvae previously fed for 4 days on leaves of host and non-host plants was performed using the API-ZYM kit system able to detect a multiplex of enzyme activities. Regardless of the plant species, the larvae exhibited higher activities of the carbohydrate metabolising enzymes than of aminopeptidases and proteases. In addition, highest activities of carbohydrates degrading enzymes were exhibited by larvae that consumed leaves of the most preferred plant species of B. fusca. Conversely, esterases were only detected in neonate larvae that consumed leaves of the less preferred and non-host plants. No alkaline phosphatase and lipase activities were detected. The significance of these results was discussed in terms of food requirements of first instar larvae when settling on a plant.

scholarly journals Genome assembly of the Australian black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) reveals a fragmented IHHNV EVE sequence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Huerlimann ◽  
Jeff A Cowley ◽  
Nicholas M Wade ◽  
Yinan Wang ◽  
Naga Kasinadhuni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Assembly ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Penaeus Monodon ◽  
Penaeid Shrimp ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Black Tiger Shrimp ◽  
Draft Genome Assembly ◽  
Repeat Content ◽  
Tiger Shrimp ◽  
Endogenous Viral Elements

Shrimp are a valuable aquaculture species globally; however, disease remains a major hindrance to shrimp aquaculture sustainability and growth. Mechanisms mediated by endogenous viral elements (EVEs) have been proposed as a means by which shrimp that encounter a new virus start to accommodate rather than succumb to infection over time. However, evidence on the nature of such EVEs and how they mediate viral accommodation is limited. More extensive genomic data on Penaeid shrimp from different geographical locations should assist in exposing the diversity of EVEs. In this context, reported here is a PacBio Sequel-based draft genome assembly of an Australian black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) inbred for one generation. The 1.89 Gbp draft genome is comprised of 31,922 scaffolds (N50: 496,398 bp) covering 85.9% of the projected genome size. The genome repeat content (61.8% with 30% representing simple sequence repeats) is almost the highest identified for any species. The functional annotation identified 35,517 gene models, of which 25,809 were protein-coding and 17,158 were annotated using interproscan. Scaffold scanning for specific EVEs identified an element comprised of a 9,045 bp stretch of repeated, inverted and jumbled genome fragments of Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) bounded by a repeated 591/590 bp host sequence. As only near complete linear ~4 kb IHHNV genomes have been found integrated in the genome of P. monodon previously, its discovery has implications regarding the validity of PCR tests designed to specifically detect such linear EVE types. The existence of conjoined inverted IHHNV genome fragments also provides a means by which hairpin dsRNAs could be expressed and processed by the shrimp RNA interference (RNAi) machinery.

scholarly journals Biocidal Activities of Seed Oils of Jatropha curcas and Moringa oleifera on Development of African Maize Stalk borer, Busseola fusca Fuller (Lepdoptera: Pyralidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-53
Author(s):  
H. Sule
Keyword(s):  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Busseola Fusca ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Seed Oils ◽  
Plant Seed ◽  
Stalk Borer ◽  
Randomized Design

Laboratory experiment was conducted at the Department of Crop Protection Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Bayero University, Kano, in order to assess the effect of oils obtained from the seeds of Jatropha curcas and Moringa oleifera on African Maize Stalk Borer (Busseola fusca Fuller). The effects of the plant seed oils on larvae mortality, pupae and adult emergence were tested on freshly cut leaves/stem of maize 3-4 cm long) and treated with the prepared plant oils at various concentrations (10, 20, and 30%) and control (0%). The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design and replicated four times. The results showed that both plant seeds oils were lethal to the developmental stages of B. fusca, causing mortality (21%) to the larvae, and subsequently preventing and/or suppressing pupae (2.08) and adult emergence (1.95). Treatment at 30% concentration was found to be more lethal to all the developmental stages of the test insect. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that any of the plant seed oils at 30 % concentration could be used to manage B. fusca.

Understanding the Weak Performance of Technology in Urban Management

2016 ◽  
pp. 928-947
Author(s):  
Claire Simonneau
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Urban Management ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Multiple Case ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Land Information System

The article questions the appropriation of existing urban planning and management tools in Sub-Saharan Africa, through a multiple case study: the implementation of a land information system (or simplified cadastre) in three cities in Benin. An ethnographic exploration of the use of the tool is conducted. The first section presents the historical context of the design of land information systems, framed by the urban management paradigm, and unwarranted confidence in new technologies. The second section presents the theoretical framework and the methodology of the research, inspired by public policy analysis and development anthropology. The third section describes findings of the multiple case studies. A vicious circle is highlighted, made up of: lack of political support, obsolescence, and decline of cost-effectiveness. The fourth section discusses the results of the ethnographic inquiry. These are, essentially, the interpretation of the paradoxes, blockages, and conflicts in the implementation of the tool in light of social, political and economic dynamics that take place at the local level, although unexpected by the creators of the tool.

scholarly journals Plant-Derived Insecticides Under Meta-Analyses: Status, Biases, and Knowledge Gaps

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo M. Turchen ◽  
Lírio Cosme-Júnior ◽  
Raul Narciso C. Guedes
Keyword(s):  
Web Of Science ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Botanical Insecticides ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Knowledge Gaps ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Arthropod Species ◽  
Meta Analyses

Plant-derived or botanical insecticides are biopesticides experiencing substantial ongoing increase in interest. The 74 years of our literature survey tracked over 2500 papers on botanical insecticides published between 1945 and 2019 (Web of Science database). Such a survey allowed meta-analyses to recognize current status and biases of the studies providing important insights into the research topic. They include the recognition of the exponential growth of such studies since the 1990s, the prevalent interest on the Meliaceae plant species and a dozen additional families, although some 190 families have been investigated. The arthropods targeted by such studies were pest species (ca. 95%) with rather little attention devoted to non-target species (p < 0.001). This bias is followed by another one—mortality assessments are prevalent among target and non-target arthropod species when contrasted with sublethal assessments (p < 0.01). These omissions are pivotal, as they fail to recognize that sublethal effects may be as important or even more important than mortality, and that initial insecticide deposits quickly degrade over time leading to prevailing sublethal exposure. Furthermore, although the target of control is limited to few species, non-target species will be exposed and as such need to be factored into consideration. Thus, these biases in studies of botanical insecticides incur in knowledge gaps with potential consequences for the practical use of these compounds as pest management tools.

Draft genome of Santalum album L. provides genomic resources for accelerated trait improvement

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Modhumita Ghosh Dasgupta ◽  
Kandasamy Ulaganathan ◽  
Suma Arun Dev ◽  
Swathi Balakrishnan
Keyword(s):  
Draft Genome ◽  
Santalum Album ◽  
Genomic Resources ◽  
Trait Improvement ◽  
Santalum Album L
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