Impact of Extracellularity on the Evolutionary Rate of Mammalian Proteins

AbstractWe identified and characterized the pseudogene complements of five plant species: four dicots (Arabidopsis thaliana, Vitis vinifera, Populus trichocarpa and Phaseolus vulgaris) and one monocot (Oryza sativa). Retroposition was considered of modest importance for pseudogene formation in all investigated species except V. vinifera, which showed an unusually high number of retro-pseudogenes in non coding genic regions. By using a pipeline for the classification of sequence duplicates in plant genomes, we compared the relative importance of whole genome, tandem, proximal, transposed and dispersed duplication modes in the pseudo and functional gene complements. Pseudogenes showed higher tendencies than functional genes to genomic dispersion. Dispersed pseudogenes were prevalently fragmented and showed high sequence divergence at flanking regions. On the contrary, those deriving from whole genome duplication were proportionally less than expected based on observations on functional loci and showed higher levels of flanking sequence conservation than dispersed pseudogenes. Pseudogenes deriving from tandem and proximal duplications were in excess compared to functional loci, probably reflecting the high evolutionary rate associated with these duplication modes in plant genomes. These data are compatible with high rates of sequence turnover at neutral sites and double strand break repairs mediated duplication mechanisms.

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Discontinuous DNA synthesis by purified mammalian proteins.

Journal of Biological Chemistry ◽

10.1016/s0021-9258(17)44775-2 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 265 (30) ◽

pp. 18461-18471 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

M Goulian ◽

S H Richards ◽

C J Heard ◽

B M Bigsby

Keyword(s):

Dna Synthesis ◽

Mammalian Proteins

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Vertical clinging and leaping induced evolutionary rate shifts in postcranial evolution of tamarins and marmosets (Primates, Callitrichidae)

BMC Ecology and Evolution ◽

10.1186/s12862-021-01848-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Léo Botton-Divet ◽

John A. Nyakatura

Keyword(s):

Elbow Joint ◽

Evolutionary Rate ◽

Large Diameter ◽

Morphological Diversity ◽

Locomotor Behavior ◽

Shape Descriptors ◽

High Affinity ◽

Associated Species ◽

Future Work ◽

Shape And Size

Abstract Background Callitrichids comprise a diverse group of platyrrhine monkeys that are present across South and Central America. Their secondarily evolved small size and pointed claws allow them to cling to vertical trunks of a large diameter. Within callitrichids, lineages with a high affinity for vertical supports often engage in trunk-to-trunk leaping. This vertical clinging and leaping (VCL) differs from horizontal leaping (HL) in terms of the functional demands imposed on the musculoskeletal system, all the more so as HL often occurs on small compliant terminal branches. We used quantified shape descriptors (3D geometric morphometrics) and phylogenetically-informed analyses to investigate the evolution of the shape and size of the humerus and femur, and how this variation reflects locomotor behavior within Callitrichidae. Results The humerus of VCL-associated species has a narrower trochlea compared with HL species. It is hypothesized that this contributes to greater elbow mobility. The wider trochlea in HL species appears to correspondingly provide greater stability to the elbow joint. The femur in VCL species has a smaller head and laterally-oriented distal condyles, possibly to reduce stresses during clinging. Similarly, the expanded lesser trochanters visible in VCL species provide a greater lever for the leg retractors and are thus also interpreted as an adaptation to clinging. Evolutionary rate shifts to faster shape and size changes of humerus and femur occurred in the Leontocebus clade when a shift to slower rates occurred in the Saguinus clade. Conclusions Based on the study of evolutionary rate shifts, the transition to VCL behavior within callitrichids (specifically the Leontocebus clade) appears to have been an opportunity for radiation, rather than a specialization that imposed constraints on morphological diversity. The study of the evolution of callitrichids suffers from a lack of comparative analyses of limb mechanics during trunk-to-trunk leaping, and future work in this direction would be of great interest.

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Molecular epidemiology of coxsackievirus A16 circulating in children in Beijing, China from 2010 to 2019

World Journal of Pediatrics ◽

10.1007/s12519-021-00451-y ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ya-Fang Hu ◽

Li-Ping Jia ◽

Fang-Yuan Yu ◽

Li-Ying Liu ◽

Qin-Wei Song ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Epidemiology ◽

Evolutionary Rate ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Recent Common Ancestor ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Coxsackievirus A16 ◽

Most Recent Common Ancestor ◽

Etiological Agents ◽

High Level ◽

And Control

Abstract Background Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) is one of the major etiological agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). This study aimed to investigate the molecular epidemiology and evolutionary characteristics of CVA16. Methods Throat swabs were collected from children with HFMD and suspected HFMD during 2010–2019. Enteroviruses (EVs) were detected and typed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and RT-PCR. The genotype, evolutionary rate, the most recent common ancestor, population dynamics and selection pressure of CVA16 were analyzed based on viral protein gene (VP1) by bioinformatics software. Results A total of 4709 throat swabs were screened. EVs were detected in 3180 samples and 814 were CVA16 positive. More than 81% of CVA16-positive children were under 5 years old. The prevalence of CVA16 showed obvious periodic fluctuations with a high level during 2010–2012 followed by an apparent decline during 2013–2017. However, the activities of CVA16 increased gradually during 2018–2019. All the Beijing CVA16 strains belonged to sub-genotype B1, and B1b was the dominant strain. One B1c strain was detected in Beijing for the first time in 2016. The estimated mean evolutionary rate of VP1 gene was 4.49 × 10–3 substitution/site/year. Methionine gradually fixed at site-23 of VP1 since 2012. Two sites were detected under episodic positive selection, one of which (site-223) located in neutralizing linear epitope PEP71. Conclusions The dominant strains of CVA16 belonged to clade B1b and evolved in a fast evolutionary rate during 2010–2019 in Beijing. To provide more favorable data for HFMD prevention and control, it is necessary to keep attention on molecular epidemiological and evolutionary characteristics of CVA16.

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Immune Evasion of SARS-CoV-2 Emerging Variants: What Have We Learnt So Far?

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v13071192 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 1192

Author(s):

Ivana Lazarevic ◽

Vera Pravica ◽

Danijela Miljanovic ◽

Maja Cupic

Keyword(s):

Immune Evasion ◽

Human Population ◽

Evolutionary Rate ◽

Spike Protein ◽

Close Monitoring ◽

Global Level ◽

Therapeutic Application ◽

Neutralization Capacity ◽

Rapid Transmission ◽

Potential Impact

Despite the slow evolutionary rate of SARS-CoV-2 relative to other RNA viruses, its massive and rapid transmission during the COVID-19 pandemic has enabled it to acquire significant genetic diversity since it first entered the human population. This led to the emergence of numerous variants, some of them recently being labeled “variants of concern” (VOC), due to their potential impact on transmission, morbidity/mortality, and the evasion of neutralization by antibodies elicited by infection, vaccination, or therapeutic application. The potential to evade neutralization is the result of diversity of the target epitopes generated by the accumulation of mutations in the spike protein. While three globally recognized VOCs (Alpha or B.1.1.7, Beta or B.1.351, and Gamma or P.1) remain sensitive to neutralization albeit at reduced levels by the sera of convalescent individuals and recipients of several anti-COVID19 vaccines, the effect of spike variability is much more evident on the neutralization capacity of monoclonal antibodies. The newly recognized VOC Delta or lineage B.1.617.2, as well as locally accepted VOCs (Epsilon or B.1.427/29-US and B1.1.7 with the E484K-UK) are indicating the necessity of close monitoring of new variants on a global level. The VOCs characteristics, their mutational patterns, and the role mutations play in immune evasion are summarized in this review.

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An evolutionary genomic approach reveals both conserved and species-specific genetic elements related to human disease in closely related Aspergillus fungi

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/iyab066 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Matthew E Mead ◽

Jacob L Steenwyk ◽

Lilian P Silva ◽

Patrícia A de Castro ◽

Nauman Saeed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Disease ◽

Evolutionary Rate ◽

Fungal Disease ◽

Comparative Genomic ◽

Genetic Elements ◽

Genomic Approach ◽

Evolutionary Genomic ◽

Repeated Evolution ◽

Species Specific ◽

Encoding Genes

Abstract Aspergillosis is an important opportunistic human disease caused by filamentous fungi in the genus Aspergillus. Roughly 70% of infections are caused by Aspergillus fumigatus, with the rest stemming from approximately a dozen other Aspergillus species. Several of these pathogens are closely related to A. fumigatus and belong in the same taxonomic section, section Fumigati. Pathogenic species are frequently most closely related to non-pathogenic ones, suggesting Aspergillus pathogenicity evolved multiple times independently. To understand the repeated evolution of Aspergillus pathogenicity, we performed comparative genomic analyses on 18 strains from 13 species, including 8 species in section Fumigati, which aimed to identify genes, both ones previously connected to virulence as well as ones never before implicated, whose evolution differs between pathogens and non-pathogens. We found that most genes were present in all species, including approximately half of those previously connected to virulence, but a few genes were section- or species-specific. Evolutionary rate analyses identified over 1,700 genes whose evolutionary rate differed between pathogens and non-pathogens and dozens of genes whose rates differed between specific pathogens and the rest of the taxa. Functional testing of deletion mutants of 17 transcription factor-encoding genes whose evolution differed between pathogens and non-pathogens identified eight genes that affect either fungal survival in a model of phagocytic killing, host survival in an animal model of fungal disease, or both. These results suggest that the evolution of pathogenicity in Aspergillus involved both conserved and species-specific genetic elements, illustrating how an evolutionary genomic approach informs the study of fungal disease.

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