Effects of even-aged and uneven-aged management on carbon dynamics and timber yield in boreal Norway spruce stands: a forest ecosystem model approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 635-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Kellomäki ◽  
H Strandman ◽  
H Peltola
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Ecosystem Model ◽  
Seed Crop ◽  
Timber Yield ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Production Cycles ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Carbon Retention

Abstract We used a gap-type forest ecosystem model to study how even- and uneven-aged management affected the carbon dynamics and timber production in boreal Norway spruce stands. In business-as-usual management, the intensity of thinnings (from below) and single-tree selective cuttings followed those recommended for even-aged (BT) and uneven-aged management (BSC) in practical forestry in Finland. Moreover, higher or lower basal area thresholds, and shorter or longer production cycles, were used in simulations. We found that, the mean annual carbon uptake, volume growth, and carbon stock in trees and harvested timber, were nearly the same under even-aged (BT) and uneven-aged (BSC) management, when assuming full seed crop in latter one. However, the carbon stock in the soil and ecosystem and the mean annual net ecosystem exchange were slightly smaller under BT. The carbon retention time was longer under BSC. The net present value (NPV with interest rate of 3 per cent) of timber production was clearly lower under BT, when the calculation was initiated at planting on clear-cutting area, in opposite to when initiating calculation a few years before the second thinning. Higher basal area thresholds and longer production cycles increased carbon stocks, carbon retention and timber yield, regardless of management system. On the other hand, the results of uneven-aged management (BSC) were very sensitive to the success of natural regeneration and ingrowth of seedlings, as a reduction of the seed crop by 25–75 per cent from the full seed crop decreases the volume growth by 44–74 per cent and timber yield up to 46 per cent.

scholarly journals Effects of CMIP5 Projections on Volume Growth, Carbon Stock and Timber Yield in Managed Scots Pine, Norway Spruce and Silver Birch Stands under Southern and Northern Boreal Conditions

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laith ALRahahleh ◽  
Antti Kilpeläinen ◽  
Veli-Pekka Ikonen ◽  
Harri Strandman ◽  
Ari Venäläinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Timber Yield

scholarly journals Carbon Pools in a Hemiboreal Over-Mature Norway Spruce Stands

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Ķēniņa ◽  
Didzis Elferts ◽  
Endijs Bāders ◽  
Āris Jansons
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Carbon Pool ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Tree Biomass ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Site Types

Old unmanaged forests are commonly assumed to be carbon neutral; however, there is still a lack of reference studies available to increase the recognition of carbon stock changes in these forests. Studies of old forest carbon storage from hemiboreal regions are very rare compared to temperate and boreal forests in Europe; therefore, the aim of this study was to quantify the carbon stock in hemiboreal over-mature (167–213 years) Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stands. To explore the total ecosystem carbon pool, the carbon stock of tree biomass, deadwood, and soil in unmanaged (for at least the last 40 years) spruce stands was calculated and compared between different forest site types on dry, wet, and drained mineral soils. Total carbon stock of hemiboreal over-mature spruce stands ranged from 164.8 Mg C ha−1 to 386.7 Mg C ha−1, and 238.5 Mg C ha−1 on average, with no significant differences (p > 0.05) between the forest site types. The carbon stock of tree biomass was significantly affected by the basal area of the upper tree layer (p < 0.0001) and the interaction between the forest site type and proportion of spruce in the stand composition (p = 0.002). Tree biomass was the dominant carbon pool, followed by soil and deadwood in over-mature spruce stands.

scholarly journals Maximum Stand-Density Index of 40 Western Hemlock–Sitka Spruce Stands in Southeast Alaska

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan J. Poage ◽  
David D. Marshall ◽  
Michael H. McClellan
Keyword(s):  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Site Factors ◽  
Southeast Alaska ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Stand Density Index ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Stand Basal Area ◽  
Species Proportion

Abstract Reineke's (1933) maximum stand-density index (SDImax) was determined for 40 unthinned, fully stocked, even-aged, hemlock-spruce stands in southeast Alaska. A nonlinear model was used to identify objectively the linear portions of the stands' self-thinning trajectories for analysis. The objectives of the present study were (1) to use the modeled slopes and intercepts to determine the mean SDImax of the stands and (2) to identify stand and site factors associated with the variability observed in SDImax. The mean SDImax of the 40 hemlock-spruce stands in southeast Alaska was 619. Individually, none of the stand or site factors examined accounted for >30% of the variability observed in SDImax when all 40 stands were analyzed together. Although the spruce proportion of total stand basal area of most stands increased over time and the hemlock proportion of total stand basal area of most stands decreased over time, SDImax was not related to species proportion or changes in species proportion over time.

Growth Response of Black Spruce in Newfoundland to N, P and K Fertilization

1979 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 189-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. van Nostrand
Keyword(s):  
Initial Treatment ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Radial Increment ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Npk Fertilizer ◽  
K Fertilization ◽  
Area And Volume

Results are given for two NPK fertilizer trials established in 1967 and 1968 in 60-year-old black spruce stands in central Newfoundland. After nine years, replicated Trial 1 showed significant basal area and volume growth response over control for N, NP, NK and NPK treatments. N and NPK produced the greatest response where gains of 20 m3/ha and 23 m3/ha respectively were achieved after nine years. Similar results were obtained from non-replicated Trial 2 after eight years, where all treatments containing N produced approximately equal response. Maximum response in radial increment, measured from increment cores of sample trees, occurred four to six years after initial treatment. Generally, response was greater for dominant and co-dominant trees than for trees in the intermediate crown class.

Effects of forest conservation and management on volume growth, harvested amount of timber, carbon stock, and amount of deadwood in Finnish boreal forests under changing climate

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Alrahahleh ◽  
V.-P. Ikonen ◽  
A. Kilpeläinen ◽  
P. Torssonen ◽  
H. Strandman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Warming ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Forest Conservation ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Ecosystem Model ◽  
National Forest Inventory ◽  
National Forest ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Trade Offs

We employed a forest ecosystem model (SIMA) to study how the changes in forest conservation area and management affect the volume growth, harvested amount of timber, carbon stock, and amount of deadwood in Finnish boreal upland forests under current and changing climates (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) over 2010–2099. Simulations were carried out on National Forest Inventory plots using three different forest conservation scenarios (baseline and 10% and 20% increases of conservation area) and three thinning regimes (baseline and maintenance of ±20% stocking in thinning compared with recommendations). An increase of forest conservation area increased the volume growth, carbon stock, and quantity of deadwood in forests, as did the maintenance of 20% higher stocking in thinning. Maintenance of 20% lower stocking in thinning increased, in general, the amount of harvested timber, but it could not compensate for the decrease of harvested timber due to increase of conservation area. Climate warming greatly increased all of the studied variables in northern Finland but decreased them in southern Finland, the most under the strongest climate warming scenario, RCP8.5. Climate warming also increased the quantity of deadwood throughout Finland. To conclude, we found clear trade-offs for production of different ecosystem services.

Biomass estimates derived from sector subsampling of 360° spherical images

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Dai ◽  
Mark J Ducey ◽  
Haozhou Wang ◽  
Ting-Ru Yang ◽  
Yung-Han Hsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basal Area ◽  
Sampling Errors ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Inventory Costs ◽  
Standard Error Estimation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Biomass Ratio ◽  
Spherical Images ◽  
Additional Level

Abstract Efficient subsampling designs reduce forest inventory costs by focusing sampling efforts on more variable forest attributes. Sector subsampling is an efficient and accurate alternative to big basal area factor (big BAF) sampling to estimate the mean basal area to biomass ratio. In this study, we apply sector subsampling of spherical images to estimate aboveground biomass and compare our image-based estimates with field data collected from three early spacing trials on western Newfoundland Island in eastern Canada. The results show that sector subsampling of spherical images produced increased sampling errors of 0.3–3.4 per cent with only about 60 trees measured across 30 spherical images compared with about 4000 trees measured in the field. Photo-derived basal area was underestimated because of occluded trees; however, we implemented an additional level of subsampling, collecting field-based basal area counts, to correct for bias due to occluded trees. We applied Bruce’s formula for standard error estimation to our three-level hierarchical subsampling scheme and showed that Bruce’s formula is generalizable to any dimension of hierarchical subsampling. Spherical images are easily and quickly captured in the field using a consumer-grade 360° camera and sector subsampling, including all individual tree measurements, were obtained using a custom-developed python software package. The system is an efficient and accurate photo-based alternative to field-based big BAF subsampling.

Effects of Crown Thinning on Baldcypress Height, Diameter, and Volume Growth

1988 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 252-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen G. Dicke ◽  
John R. Toliver
Keyword(s):  
Volume Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Taxodium Distichum ◽  
Volume Increment ◽  
Crown Thinning ◽  
Epicormic Branching

Abstract Crown thinning a 63-year-old stand of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum [L.] Rich.) averaging 220 ft²/ac of basal area to 180, 140, and 100 ft²/ac resulted in 5-year diameter growths of 0.44, 0.51, and 0.77 in., respectively. The unthinned control was significantly less at 0.31 in. Six-year height growth averaged 3.1 ft and was not influenced by treatment. Thinning to 140 and 100 ft²/ac stimulated epicormic branching on many trees, which may lower log quality. All crown thinning treatments appeared to increase sawtimber volume increment and sawtimber volume/ac over the control 5 years after thinning. South. J. Appl. For. 12(4):252-256.

GROWTH AND MORPHOGENESIS IN THE CANADIAN FOREST SPECIES: II. SPECIFIC INCREMENTS AND THEIR RELATION TO THE QUANTITY AND ACTIVITY OF GROWTH IN PINUS RESINOSA AIT.

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 527-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Duff ◽  
Norah J. Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Wood Volume ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
The Mean

Two measures are needed to describe numerically the activity of the internodal cambium in terms of annual increment. These are "specific wood volume increment", a measure of additive growth and "specific increment of cambial area", a measure of multiplicative growth. The mean area of the internodal cambium is the basis of reference for both since it is the measure of that which is active in growth. The former measure of specific growth is numerically equal to ring width and the manner of its factorial control has already been considered. Data for the latter are new.The geometry of the apical meristem and its products is too complex for the ready computation of specific terminal growth, but it can be shown empirically that internode length is a valid measure of apical activity. Analysis of internodal wood volume growth into its three linear components leads to the conclusion that the determinants in control of wood growth act mainly through their effect upon apical activity and upon specific increment of cambial area.

Assessment of Biomass and Carbon Stock of planted teak forest in Terai region of Kumaun Himalaya, India

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-402
Author(s):  
Tanuja Gahlot ◽  
◽  
Prachi Joshi ◽  
Y.S. Rawat ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Human Disturbance ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Positive Contribution ◽  
Teak Plantation ◽  
Forest Division

The ability of forests in atmospheric carbon sequestration is increasingly gaining attention. Present study deals with the estimation of biomass and carbon stock of the teak plantation in the terai central forest division in Kumaun, Uttarakhand State of India. Very few scientific studies were done regarding the teak plantation and the estimation of its biomass in Kumaun. Therefore this study was carried out in this region to assess the role played by teak plantation in climate change. The information regarding the changes in pattern of carbon storage is vital and important because it can be used by government and policymakers to predict the deposit pattern for changing climate. Three sites i.e., Kamola block (Site I), Kamola beat (Site II) and East Gadappu beat (Site III) were selected for the study. Large scale variations in biomass and carbon stock were noted among all three sites. Site III (East Gadappu) showed the maximum biomass and carbon stock (297.03 tha-1 and 143.18 tha-1) followed by site I (Kamola block) (241.9 tha -1and 117.27 t ha-1) and site II ( Kamola beat ) (175.76 t ha-1and 85.79 t ha-1). Although stand density and total basal area of the forest showed almost similar value on all three sites, still the differences in biomass and carbon stock at all sites indicated the positive contribution of biodiversity as shown in the results and negative implications of human disturbance to the forest.

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