Timing of Communication

2020 ◽  
Vol 130 (630) ◽  
pp. 1623-1649
Author(s):  
Puja Bhattacharya ◽  
Kirby Nielsen ◽  
Arjun Sengupta
Keyword(s):  
Information Transmission ◽  
Critical Feature ◽  
Dynamic Pattern ◽  
Real Effort ◽  
Past Effort ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Using an experiment, we demonstrate that a communication regime in which a worker communicates about his intended effort is less effective in: (i) soliciting truthful information; and (ii) motivating effort than one in which he communicates about his past effort. Our experiment uses a real-effort task, which additionally allows us to demonstrate the effects of communication on effort over time. We show that the timing of communication affects the dynamic pattern of work. In both treatments, individuals are most co-operative closest to the time of communication. Our results reveal that the timing of communication is a critical feature that merits attention in the design of mechanisms for information transmission in strategic settings.

scholarly journals Working over Time: Dynamic Inconsistency in Real Effort Tasks *

2015 ◽  
Vol 130 (3) ◽  
pp. 1067-1115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ned Augenblick ◽  
Muriel Niederle ◽  
Charles Sprenger
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Power ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Time Inconsistency ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Dynamic Inconsistency ◽  
Time Dynamic ◽  
Present Bias ◽  
Monetary Rewards ◽  
Real Effort ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Experimental tests of dynamically inconsistent time preferences have largely relied on choices over time-dated monetary rewards. Several recent studies have failed to find the standard patterns of present bias. However, such monetary studies contain often-discussed confounds. In this article, we sidestep these confounds and investigate choices over consumption (real effort) in a longitudinal experiment. We pair this effort study with a companion monetary discounting study. We confirm very limited time inconsistency in monetary choices. However, subjects show considerably more present bias in effort. Furthermore, present bias in the allocation of work has predictive power for demand of a meaningfully binding commitment device. Therefore our findings validate a key implication of models of dynamic inconsistency, with corresponding policy implications.

scholarly journals Working Over Time: Dynamic Inconsistency in Real Effort Tasks

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ned Augenblick ◽  
Muriel Niederle ◽  
Charles Sprenger
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Inconsistency ◽  
Time Dynamic ◽  
Real Effort ◽  
Over Time

Three Stages of Hypno-Family Therapy for Psychosomatic Problems

1987 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas E. Brink
Keyword(s):  
Family Therapy ◽  
Family Dynamics ◽  
Time Change ◽  
Dynamic Pattern ◽  
Psychosomatic Complaints ◽  
Psychosomatic Problems ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Over Time

In dealing with psychosomatic complaints it has been found useful and necessary to bring together three stages or techniques of psychotherapy. First, along with teaching relaxation, the therapist directs the client to define the symptom in a symbolic or figurative way describing size, shape, color, consistency, smell, and sound. These descriptors assess intensity and, over time, change in intensity of the symptom. Second, several hypnotic techniques are used to determine the dynamic pattern that has created the symptom. Such uncovered patterns have been found to invariably involve family dynamics. Third, hypnotic and family therapy techniques assist the client in changing the pattern. Examples are presented.

scholarly journals Election Cycles and Stock Market Reaction: International Evidence

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 23-40
Author(s):  
Park Cheol Beom ◽  
An Ji Youn
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Market Volatility ◽  
Stock Market Volatility ◽  
Dynamic Pattern ◽  
International Evidence ◽  
Stock Market Reaction ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Made In

This study investigates movements of stock market volatility during election periods (the six months before and after an election) using data from 16 countries. The main findings of this study are (1) volatility declines over time as elections approach, (2) the level of volatility during election periods is lower than that during nonelection periods, and (3) volatility rises quickly during election months and immediately after the elections. The first and second findings confirm assertions made in previous studies, such as Pantzalis, Stangeland, and Turtle (2000) and Wisniewski (2009), regarding the dynamic pattern of stock market volatility during election years.

scholarly journals ANALYZING THE FACTORS INFLUENCING TRUST IN A CONSTRUCTION PROJECT: EVIDENCE FROM A SINO-GERMAN ECO-PARK IN CHINA

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dedong Wang ◽  
Kaili Li ◽  
Shaoze Fang
Keyword(s):  
Construction Project ◽  
Analytic Network Process ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Initial Trust ◽  
Major Objective ◽  
Critical Feature ◽  
Business Transactions ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Network Process ◽  
Over Time

Trust is regarded as a critical feature and a central mechanism in business transactions, especially in the Chinese guanxi network. In this context, the major objective of this research is to explore the key factors influencing trust in different stages of a construction project from the perspectives of owners and consultants involved in a Sino-German eco-park in China. The analytic network process (ANP) was employed to assess which factors are most closely related to trust and to establish four models to meet the objective of this study. According to the ANP results, trust is strongly influenced by factors that are associated with the mutual interests between owners and consultants. In addition, there are certain differences in the priority of the factors influencing initial trust between owners and consultants, but these gaps gradually decrease over time. The weight of guanxi also decreases over time, and the owners’ and consultants’ guanxi transforms from out-group to in-group focused.

scholarly journals Global relationships between crop diversity and nutritional stability

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlie C. Nicholson ◽  
Benjamin F. Emery ◽  
Meredith T. Niles
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Crop Diversity ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Critical Feature ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
National Production ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Diversity Gains ◽  
Over Time

AbstractNutritional stability – a food system’s capacity to provide sufficient nutrients despite disturbance – is a critical feature of sustainable agriculture, especially in light of ongoing climate change. Yet, measuring nutritional stability has proven challenging. Addressing this challenge will help identify resilient food systems, detect shortcomings in nutrient availability, and evaluate if stability-focused interventions actually work. We develop a novel approach that uses 55 years of crop data across 184 countries to assemble over 22,000 bipartite crop-nutrient networks. We then quantify the tolerance of these networks to disturbance simulated via sequential crop loss (Fig. 1) and evaluate patterns of crop diversity and nutritional stability across countries, over time and between crop supply scenarios (imports versus in country production). We observe a positive, saturating relationship between crop diversity and nutritional stability across countries; however there is substantial variability between countries over time. Next, despite crop diversity gains since 1961, nutritional stability has remained stagnant or decreased in all regions except Asia. A decline in the average number of nutritional links per network (range: -3 to -18% across regions) and the aforementioned saturating relationship explain this counter-intuitive finding. Finally, we find that imports increase crop diversity and improve or sustain stability, indicating that nutrient availability is market exposed in many countries, particularly developing states. Although applied globally, our approach is applicable across levels of organization, from household intake to sub-national production, and provides a way forward for understanding the contributions of crop diversity to the stability of nutrients available for human consumption.

scholarly journals Indirect reciprocity with private, noisy, and incomplete information

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (48) ◽  
pp. 12241-12246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Hilbe ◽  
Laura Schmid ◽  
Josef Tkadlec ◽  
Krishnendu Chatterjee ◽  
Martin A. Nowak
Keyword(s):  
Information Transmission ◽  
Incomplete Information ◽  
Reliable Information ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Indirect Reciprocity ◽  
Moral Systems ◽  
Over Time

Indirect reciprocity is a mechanism for cooperation based on shared moral systems and individual reputations. It assumes that members of a community routinely observe and assess each other and that they use this information to decide who is good or bad, and who deserves cooperation. When information is transmitted publicly, such that all community members agree on each other’s reputation, previous research has highlighted eight crucial moral systems. These “leading-eight” strategies can maintain cooperation and resist invasion by defectors. However, in real populations individuals often hold their own private views of others. Once two individuals disagree about their opinion of some third party, they may also see its subsequent actions in a different light. Their opinions may further diverge over time. Herein, we explore indirect reciprocity when information transmission is private and noisy. We find that in the presence of perception errors, most leading-eight strategies cease to be stable. Even if a leading-eight strategy evolves, cooperation rates may drop considerably when errors are common. Our research highlights the role of reliable information and synchronized reputations to maintain stable moral systems.

scholarly journals Transmission fidelity is the key to the build-up of cumulative culture

2012 ◽  
Vol 367 (1599) ◽  
pp. 2171-2180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah M. Lewis ◽  
Kevin N. Laland
Keyword(s):  
Information Transmission ◽  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
Cumulative Culture ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Cultural Processes ◽  
Key Driver ◽  
Cultural Traits ◽  
Over Time

Many animals have socially transmitted behavioural traditions, but human culture appears unique in that it is cumulative, i.e. human cultural traits increase in diversity and complexity over time. It is often suggested that high-fidelity cultural transmission is necessary for cumulative culture to occur through refinement, a process known as ‘ratcheting’, but this hypothesis has never been formally evaluated. We discuss processes of information transmission and loss of traits from a cognitive viewpoint alongside other cultural processes of novel invention (generation of entirely new traits), modification (refinement of existing traits) and combination (bringing together two established traits to generate a new trait). We develop a simple cultural transmission model that does not assume major evolutionary changes (e.g. in brain architecture) and show that small changes in the fidelity with which information is passed between individuals can lead to cumulative culture. In comparison, modification and combination have a lesser influence on, and novel invention appears unimportant to, the ratcheting process. Our findings support the idea that high-fidelity transmission is the key driver of human cumulative culture, and that progress in cumulative culture depends more on trait combination than novel invention or trait modification.

scholarly journals The Dynamics of Motivated Beliefs

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Positive Feedback ◽  
Motivated Reasoning ◽  
Dynamic Pattern ◽  
Persistent Effect ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Over Time

A key question in the literature on motivated reasoning and self-deception is how motivated beliefs are sustained in the presence of feedback. In this paper, we explore dynamic motivated belief patterns after feedback. We establish that positive feedback has a persistent effect on beliefs. Negative feedback, instead, influences beliefs in the short run, but this effect fades over time. We investigate the mechanisms of this dynamic pattern, and provide evidence for an asymmetry in the recall of feedback. Finally, we establish that, in line with theoretical accounts, incentives for belief accuracy mitigate the role of motivated reasoning. (JEL C91, D83, D91)

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