Distribution of Pest Wireworm (Coleoptera: Elateridae) Species in Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba (Canada)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willem G van Herk ◽  
Robert S Vernon ◽  
Ted J Labun ◽  
Mika H Sevcik ◽  
Timothy D Schwinghamer
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Canadian Prairie ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Path Analysis Approach

Abstract We present findings of a general survey of pest wireworms in Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba conducted from 2004 to 2019; the first such survey of the Canadian Prairie provinces since that published by Glen et al. (1943). Samples were collected from 571 farmland locations where crop damage from wireworms was observed or suspected, and a total of 5,704 specimens (3,548 larvae, 2,156 beetles) were identified. Most specimens (96.9%) were identified as Hypnoidus bicolor (3,278), Selatosomus aeripennis destructor (1,280), Limonius californicus (842), and Aeolus mellillus (125). This suggests that H. bicolor has replaced S. a. destructor as the predominant species and that the relative importance of L. californicus as a pest species has increased since earlier reports. Despite the relatively small number of specimens collected per location (approx. 10), H. bicolor and S. a. destructor, and S. a. destructor and L. californicus were frequently collected at or near the same location (within 1 km). We provide species records and incidence of co-occurrence at different spatial scales, discuss potential reasons for and implications of shifts in species composition, implications of species co-occurrence for managing wireworm pests in crop production, and outline pertinent research needs. A path analysis approach used to correlate incidence of the main species with various soil characteristics indicated that organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and water retention capacity all had a significant species-specific influence on wireworm presence.

scholarly journals PREPARATION, CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOCHAR FOR A SUSTAINABLE SOIL HEALTH

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rekha A. ◽  
Vidhya A.
Keyword(s):  
Soil Health ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristic ◽  
High Water ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Bet Analysis ◽  
Thermochemical Processes

Recent research suggests that biochar is a promising approach to minimize soil contamination caused by heavy metals and organic pollutants. It is also involved in the amendment of soil by altering the nutrients, pH and other factors. Through intensive literature review, this paper was aimed to better understand the selection of feedstock processes, preparation, and characterization of biochar. Wide variety of feedstock used for the biochar production based on the cost effectiveness, ease availability and they are ecofriendly to the environment. Among the thermochemical processes, pyrolysis is the promising techniques followed for the production of BC. The stabilization efficacy was mainly determined by cation exchange capacity, pH, and ash content of the biochar. The physicochemical characteristic of the biochar is analyzed using various methods such as SEM, FTIR, TGA and BET analysis. The surface area plays a major role in the metal sorption. The quality characteristics of biochar as a soil amendment varied greatly with the feedstock materials and the pyrolysis conditions. Biochar plays a great role in increasing the pH which helps the acidic soil region and its high-water retention capacity enhance the moisture level in the soil which enhances the microbial communities and its activity. Biochar becomes stabilized in the soil by interacting with soil particles. The inherent characteristics of the biochar as dictated by feedstock and pyrolysis conditions, interact with climatic conditions such as precipitation and temperature to influence how long biochar carbon remains stored in the soil. Due to its carbon sequestration in the soil, it helps in increasing the fertility of the soil and also enhances the crop yield.

scholarly journals Agricultural Waste-Based Biochar for Agronomic Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (19) ◽  
pp. 8914
Author(s):  
Ghizlane Enaime ◽  
Manfred Lübken
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Soil Microbiology ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Agricultural Applications

Agricultural activities face several challenges due to the intensive increase in population growth and environmental issues. It has been established that biochar can be assigned a useful role in agriculture. Its agronomic application has therefore received increasing attention recently. The literature shows different applications, e.g., biochar serves as a soil ameliorant to optimize soil structure and composition, and it increases the availability of nutrients and the water retention capacity in the soil. If the biochar is buried in the soil, it decomposes very slowly and thus serves as a long-term store of carbon. Limiting the availability of pesticides and heavy metals increases soil health. Biochar addition also affects soil microbiology and enzyme activity and contributes to the improvement of plant growth and crop production. Biochar can be used as a compost additive and animal feed and simultaneously provides a contribution to minimizing greenhouse gas emissions. Several parameters, including biochar origin, pyrolysis temperature, soil type when biochar is used as soil amendment, and application rate, control biochar’s efficiency in different agricultural applications. Thus, special care should be given when using a specific biochar for a specific application to prevent any negative effects on the agricultural environment.

scholarly journals Carbon capacity of gray forest soils in the Chechen Republic

2022 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 02006
Author(s):  
Rustam Gakaev
Keyword(s):  
Water Retention ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Dead Wood ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
The Impact

Common areas of research needed to measure soil carbon include: (1) the impact of forest management, (2) the impact of climate change, and (3) the impact of increased carbon dioxide. The organic matter of the soil has a great influence on the productivity of the site due to its effect on the physical (bulk density, water retention capacity), biological (microbial populations) and chemical (cation exchange capacity) properties of soils. Recently, there have also been claims of the benefits of dead wood for forest ecosystems. However, as with all nutrients, too much carbon in the soil can have negative consequences, especially with regard to nitrogen immobilization.

scholarly journals Physicochemical Properties and Intestinal Health Promoting Water-Insoluble Fiber Enriched Fraction Prepared from Blanched Vegetable Soybean Pod Hulls

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 1796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya-Ling Huang ◽  
I-Ting Hsieh
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Vegetable Soybean ◽  
Intestinal Health ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Insoluble Fiber

Different methods can be used to change the fiber compositions of food, and they consequently affect the physicochemical properties and physiological activities. The present study compared the effects of a blanching treatment on the physicochemical properties of water-insoluble fiber enriched fraction (WIFF) from three varieties of vegetable soybean pod hulls (tea vegetable soybean pod hull, TVSPH; black vegetable soybean pod hull, BVSPH; 305 vegetable soybean pod hulls, 305VSPH) and evaluated their effects on intestinal health in hamsters. Blanching may increase the soluble dietary fiber (SDF) content of WIFF in the 305VSPH variety by solubilizing cell wall components and releasing water-soluble sugars. Thus, the WIFF in the 305VSPH variety after blanching may be composed of cellulose and pectic substances. The WIFF of the blanched 305VSPH (B-305VSPH) variety exhibited the highest physicochemical properties, such as a water-retention capacity (11.7 g/g), oil-holding capacity (9.34 g/g), swelling property (10.8 mL/g), solubility (12.2%), and cation-exchange capacity (221 meq/kg), of the three varieties examined. The supplementation of B-305VSPH WIFF in the diet resulted in significantly (p < 0.05) lower cecal and fecal ammonia; activities of fecal β-d-glucosidase, β-d-glucuronidase, mucinase, and urease; as well as higher cecal total short-chain fatty acids relative to other diets. In addition, microbial analysis suggested that fecal bifidobacteria growth was enhanced by the consumption of B-305VSPH WIFF. Therefore, B-305VSPH WIFF may be applicable as a potential functional ingredient in the food industry for the improvement of intestinal health.

scholarly journals Tropical agriculture and global warming: impacts and mitigation options

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Eduardo P. Cerri ◽  
Gerd Sparovek ◽  
Martial Bernoux ◽  
Willian E. Easterling ◽  
Jerry M. Melillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Soil Sustainability

The intensive land use invariably has several negative effects on the environment and crop production if conservative practices are not adopted. Reduction in soil organic matter (SOM) quantity means gas emission (mainly CO2, CH4, N2O) to the atmosphere and increased global warming. Soil sustainability is also affected, since remaining SOM quality changes. Alterations can be verified, for example, by soil desegregation and changes in structure. The consequences are erosion, reduction in nutrient availability for the plants and lower water retention capacity. These and other factors reflect negatively on crop productivity and sustainability of the soil-plant-atmosphere system. Conversely, adoption of "best management practices", such as conservation tillage, can partly reverse the process - they are aimed at increasing the input of organic matter to the soil and/or decreasing the rates at which soil organic matter decomposes.

scholarly journals Plant Organic Matter Really Matters: Pedological Effects of Kūpaoa (Dubautia menziesii) Shrubs in a Volcanic Alpine Area, Maui, Hawai’i

Soil Systems ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco L. Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Litter Accumulation ◽  
Organic Matter Accumulation

This study examines litter accumulation and associated soil fertility islands under kūpaoa (Dubautia menziesii) shrubs, common at high elevations in Haleakalā National Park (Maui, Hawai’i). The main purposes were to: (i) Analyze chemical and physical properties of kūpaoa leaf-litter, (ii) determine soil changes caused by organic-matter accumulation under plants, and (iii) compare these with the known pedological effects of silversword (Argyroxiphium sandwicense) rosettes in the same area. Surface soil samples were gathered below shrubs, and compared with paired adjacent, bare sandy soils; two soil profiles were also contrasted. Litter patches under kūpaoa covered 0.57–3.61 m2 area and were 22–73 mm thick. A cohesive, 5–30-mm-thick soil crust with moderate aggregate stability developed underneath litter horizons; grain aggregation was presumably related to high organic-matter accumulation. Shear strength and compressibility measurements showed crusts opposed significantly greater resistance to physical removal and erosion than adjacent bare soils. As compared to contiguous bare ground areas, soils below shrubs had higher organic matter percentages, darker colors, faster infiltration rates, and greater water-retention capacity. Chemical soil properties were greatly altered by organic matter: Cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+), N, P, and cation-exchange capacity, were higher below plants. Further processes affecting soils under kūpaoa included microclimatic amelioration, and additional water input by fog-drip beneath its dense canopy. Substrate modifications were more pronounced below D. menziesii than A. sandwicense. Organic matter and available nutrient contents were higher under shrubs, where soils also showed greater infiltration and water-retention capacity. These trends resulted from contrasting litter properties between plant species, as kūpaoa leaves have higher nutrient content than silversword foliage. Different litter dynamics and reproduction strategies may also explain contrasting soil properties between the monocarpic rosettes and polycarpic kūpaoa. By inducing substantial substrate changes, Dubautia shrubs alter—or even create—different microhabitats and exert critical control on alpine soil development at Haleakalā.

scholarly journals A Boundary Plane Approach to Map Hotspots for Achievable Soil Carbon Sequestration and Soil Fertility Improvement

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 4038 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piikki ◽  
Söderström ◽  
Sommer ◽  
Da Silva ◽  
Munialo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Boundary Plane ◽  
Smallholder Farming ◽  
Western Kenya ◽  
Mitigate Climate Change ◽  
Global Carbon ◽  
Soil Fertility Improvement

Soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration is important in the global carbon cycle and an integral part of many initiatives and policies to mitigate climate change. For efficient targeting of measures leading to SOC sequestration, it is necessary to know the actual SOC content (%) and a realistic target SOC content (in contrast to the saturation content, which may not be easily achievable) under local biophysical and socioeconomic conditions. We developed a new method for the practical assessment of achievable SOC sequestration concerning soil texture based on a non-linear boundary plane approach, also applicable for mapping of SOC sequestration hotspots. The method was tested at two spatial scales (a 125 km2 catchment and a 4 km2 sub-area of that catchment) in a region in Western Kenya characterized by smallholder farming. Moreover, we assessed the associated benefits of increasing the SOC content from a crop production perspective and found significant correlations between SOC and other soil properties (pH, cation exchange capacity, and various plant-available macro- and micronutrients). This indicates a possible improvement in soil fertility when the SOC content is raised to the modeled target levels, which should be attainable without major changes in land use or agricultural systems.

Evaluation of Resistant Starch Quality from Different Types of Banana in Batter Coating Formulation to Reduce Oil Absorption in Fried Food

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-120
Author(s):  
Karissha Fritzi Della ◽  
Mutiara Pratiwi ◽  
Purwa Tri Cahyana ◽  
Maria DPT Gunawan-Puteri
Keyword(s):  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Oil Absorption ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Fried Food ◽  
Musa Paradisiaca ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Coating Formulation

Fried food is convenient for many people due to its pleasant texture and taste. On the other hand, it comes with the risk of high oil absorption which might lead to certain health problems. Resistant starch (RS) has been known to have a functionality of reducing oil absorption. Three different types of banana: Kepok (Musa paradisiaca formatypica), Raja Bulu (Musa paradisiaca L.) and Ambon (Musa paradisiaca L. var sapientum) were evaluated on its performance when utilized as source of resistant starch especially on their application in reducing oil absorption in fried food. Tempeh was used as the food model. Banana starch (RS2) was isolated through water alkaline extraction process, continued with modification process through three repeated cycles of autoclaving-cooling process to obtain the RS3. RS3 was added into the batter coating formulation at three substitution ratios (10%, 30% and 50%) and then used to coat tempeh before frying. Evaluation of resistant starch in batter and battered productwas conducted on the following parameters: fat content, water retention capacity (WRC), coating pick up and sensory analysis. The result of this study revealed that Raja Bulu showed the most effective result on reducing oil absorption in the food tested. In the three bananas used, the ratio of 50% performed best in coating pick up (highest), WRC (highest) and fat content(lowest) parameters, but not significantly different with the 30% ratio. In terms of sensory acceptance, using Raja Bulu as the selected banana type, 30% of substitution ratio was significantly more preferable by the panelists in crispness, oiliness, and overall acceptance attributes compared to control and other substitution ratios.

Application of Remote Sensing in Agriculture

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Piekarczyk
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Remote Sensing Methods

AbstractWith increasing intensity of agricultural crop production increases the need to obtain information about environmental conditions in which this production takes place. Remote sensing methods, including satellite images, airborne photographs and ground-based spectral measurements can greatly simplify the monitoring of crop development and decision-making to optimize inputs on agricultural production and reduce its harmful effects on the environment. One of the earliest uses of remote sensing in agriculture is crop identification and their acreage estimation. Satellite data acquired for this purpose are necessary to ensure food security and the proper functioning of agricultural markets at national and global scales. Due to strong relationship between plant bio-physical parameters and the amount of electromagnetic radiation reflected (in certain ranges of the spectrum) from plants and then registered by sensors it is possible to predict crop yields. Other applications of remote sensing are intensively developed in the framework of so-called precision agriculture, in small spatial scales including individual fields. Data from ground-based measurements as well as from airborne or satellite images are used to develop yield and soil maps which can be used to determine the doses of irrigation and fertilization and to take decisions on the use of pesticides.

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