Thermal Unit Requirements for Determining Adult Emergence of the Western Cherry Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the Willamette Valley of Oregon 1

1976 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Aliniazee
Keyword(s):  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Willamette Valley ◽  
Thermal Unit

THE WESTERN CHERRY FRUIT FLY, RHAGOLETIS INDIFFERENS (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE): 1. DISTRIBUTION OF THE DIAPAUSING PUPAE IN THE SOIL

1974 ◽  
Vol 106 (9) ◽  
pp. 909-912 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. AliNiazee
Keyword(s):  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Willamette Valley ◽  
Rhagoletis Indifferens

AbstractField studies conducted in cherry orchards of the Willamette Valley, Oregon, indicate that diapausing pupae of the western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran, overwinter in the soil at a depth of 1–4 in. Relatively very small numbers of pupae were collected from surface debris and soil samples taken at a depth of 6 in. and below. The number of flies emerging from different soil depths indicated that removal of the top 6 in. of soil caused a 99% reduction in adult emergence, while the removal of the top 1 in. of soil had no effect.

scholarly journals Effect of gamma radiation on the male sterility and other quality parameters of peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 54-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.F. Mahmoud ◽  
M. Barta
Keyword(s):  
Sterile Insect Technique ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Considerable Effect ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Female Fecundity ◽  
European Continent ◽  
Air Atmosphere ◽  
Bactrocera Zonata ◽  
Insignificant Difference

Bactrocera zonata, a serious pest of fruits in many parts of the world, has recently been recorded in Northern Africa. Even though it has not been introduced to the European continent yet, a strong emphasis is being placed on developing effective measures to suppress this pest and to prevent it from establishing in neighbouring European countries. The sterile insect technique is widely used in integrated programmes against tephritid fruit flies and, in this paper, quality parameters of irradiated B. zonata were evaluated for possible use of sterile insect technique within the management of this pest. Pupae were irradiated (60Co) 48 h before adult emergence (in an air atmosphere) with doses of 10, 30, 50, 70 or 90 Gy. While adult emergence and egg hatch decreased with increasing dose, no significant differences in female fecundity were found among doses. Exposure of pupae to 90 Gy resulted in a total sterility of eggs laid by non-treated females crossed with treated males. Only insignificant difference in the radiation effect on female fecundity was found. Moderate effects on sex ratio and size were recorded, as they decreased gradually by increasing doses. No considerable effect on flying capability was observed, but generally, the percentage of fliers decreased with increasing radiation doses. Fried's competitiveness values of treated males (30 and 70 Gy) suggest that irradiated males compete successfully with non-irradiated ones.

scholarly journals Mediterranean Fruit Fly Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) Eggs and Larvae Responses to a Low-Oxygen/High-Nitrogen Atmosphere

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 802
Author(s):  
Farhan J.M. Al-Behadili ◽  
Manjree Agarwal ◽  
Wei Xu ◽  
Yonglin Ren
Keyword(s):  
Ceratitis Capitata ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Mediterranean Fruit Fly ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Complete Control

The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is one of the most damaging horticultural insect pests. This study used a low-oxygen/high-nitrogen bioassay to control C. capitata. Two low-oxygen treatments were applied (0.5% O2 + 99.5 N2 and 5% O2 + 95% N2) to C. capitata eggs and 1st, 2nd and 3rd instar larvae from 0 to nine days on a carrot diet at 25 °C; 70—75% RH. The pupariation, adult emergence, and sex ratios of survived flies were examined. The results demonstrate that increased mortality of all tested life stages correlated with increased exposure times at both levels of low-oxygen treatments. Complete control of eggs was achieved after eight days and nine days for larvae using 0.5% O2 at 25 °C; 70–75% RH. The 3rd instar was the most tolerant stage, while the egg was the most susceptible stage to the low-oxygen environment. There were no significant differences in sex ratios between emerged adults after low-oxygen and control treatments. The present work demonstrates and confirms the mortalities of C. capitata caused by low-oxygen treatment, which may help develop new postharvest strategies to control this destructive fruit fly pest.

The ecology of a natural population of the Queensland fruit fly, Dacus tryoni. I. The parameters of the pupal and adult populations during a single season

1967 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 303 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Bateman ◽  
FJ Sonleitner
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Natural Population ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Larval Food ◽  
Gravid Females ◽  
Pupal Mortality

The ecology of a natural population of Dacus tryoni is being studied at an orchard near Sydney, N.S.W. Changes in numbers observed during a single year are described and discussed. Estimates of pupal numbers were based on the weekly total pupal production of a random sample of the fruit trees in the orchard. Parameters of the adult population were measured by means of mark-recapture sampling and analysed by means of three mathematical models. Discrepancies between some of the estimates of numbers given by these models are explained by extensive adult emergence at those times, and the lower survival factors of the young adults. Evidence for the random sampling of adults is presented. The decline of the population towards the end of the season was brought about mainly by (1) high pupal mortality, (2) cessation of pupal production due to diminution and disappearance of larval food, (3) a marked decline in the number of gravid females, apparently in response to diminishing oviposition sites, and (4) a high rate of loss of young adults, presumably by emigration. There was no evidence of overcrowding.

Mortality of Different Life Stages of Rhagoletis indifferens (Diptera: Tephritidae) Exposed to the Entomopathogenic Fungus Metarhizium anisopliae

2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wee L. Yee ◽  
Lawrence A. Lacey
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Metarhizium Anisopliae ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungus ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Rhagoletis Indifferens

Effects of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin on the mortality of different life stages of the western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran (Diptera: Tephritidae), were determined in laboratory tests. When teneral adults were exposed to fungal spores mixed in soil (7.63 × 105 and 1.61 × 106 spores/g) or applied to the surface of soil (1.14 × 106 and 2.28 × 106 spores/cm2) with 13 to 30% moisture, adult emergence was not reduced, but 14.9 to 68.0% of emerging adults were infected at death. When adult flies were exposed to various concentrations of dry spores inside vials, 15 mg (4.59 × 108 spores/10 flies) was the lowest needed for 100% mortality at 7 d post exposure, and resulted in 5.96 × 106 spores adhering to each fly. Females exposed to 1.80 mg (5.51 × 107 spores/10 flies) laid as many eggs as control females between 0 and 3 d post exposure, but due to mortality infected flies laid fewer eggs between 3 and 7 d. Third-instar larvae exposed to treated soil (9.63 × 104 to 4.81 × 106 spores/cm2) with 20% moisture were not infected.

Insecticidal activity of a Moroccan strain ofStreptomyces phaeochromogenesLD-37 on larvae, pupae and adults of the Mediterranean fruit fly,Ceratitis capitata(Diptera: Tephritidae)

2016 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.E. Samri ◽  
M. Baz ◽  
I. Ghalbane ◽  
S. El Messoussi ◽  
A. Zitouni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insecticidal Activity ◽  
Ceratitis Capitata ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Mediterranean Fruit Fly ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Significant Mortality

AbstractThe Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly),Ceratitis capitata, is considered the most important fruit pest worldwide. Its management is mainly based on the use of chemical insecticides. Although these conventional pesticides are effective at high doses, they cause considerable human health and environment problems. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess insecticidal activity of Moroccan actinobacteria againstC. capitata. A total of 12 preselected actinobacteria isolated from various Moroccan habitats were screened for their insecticidal activity against larvae, pupae and adults ofC. capitata. Four actinobacteria isolates were significantly active against the first-instar larvae, and nine were active against the medfly adult, while no significant mortality was obtained against the third-instar larval and pupal stages. Among the selected isolates, the biological screening revealed that strainStreptomycesLD-37, which showed 99.4% similarity withStreptomyces phaeochromogenes, exhibited the maximal corrected larval mortality of 98%. Moreover, the isolates AS1 and LD-37 showed the maximum significant corrected mortality against adults of 32.5 and 28.2%, respectively. The crude extract obtained from a fermented culture of strainS. phaeochromogenesLD-37 was separated into six fractions by thin layer chromatography. Fractions F3 and F4 caused a significant corrected larval mortality of 66.7 and 53.3%, respectively; whereas the maximum reduction in adult emergence was obtained with fraction F4. This finding could be useful for utilizingS. phaeochromogenesLD-37 as an alternative to chemical insecticides in pest management ofC. capitata.

Comparisons of Cobalt-60 Gamma Irradiation Dose Rates on Grapefruit Flavedo Tissue and on Mexican Fruit Fly Mortality

1990 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
GENE E. LESTER ◽  
DAN A. WOLFENBARGER
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Irradiation ◽  
Dose Rate ◽  
Electrolyte Leakage ◽  
Irradiation Dose ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Anastrepha Ludens ◽  
Mexican Fruit Fly ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Grapefruit Peel

Percent electrolyte leakage, a measure of membrane integrity, proved to be a good predictor (R2 = 0.99) of cobalt-60 gamma irradiation dose injury on mid-season ‘Ruby Red’ grapefruit Citrus paradisi (Macf.) flavedo tissue (peel). Percent electrolyte leakage on grapefruit peel following a dose-rate of 250 grays/1.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 25.0 min decreased as grays/min (dose-rate) decreased. Total phenols, a biochemical response to irradiation following 250 grays/1.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 25.0 min also decreased as dose-rate decreased, demonstrating that injury to grapefruit peel diminished as 250 grays of gamma irradiation/rate declined. Comparisons of 10 and 20 grays of cobalt-60 gamma irradiation showed that a dose-rate of 10 grays/0.25 min to naked 8-d old Mexican fruit fly Anastrepha ludens (Loew) larvae caused a 90% reduction of adult emergence. Whereas, at 20 grays the reduction was greater than 99% with dose-rates of 20 grays/0.25, 0.5, 1.0, or 100 min. These data show that a gamma irradiation dose capable of reducing fly emergence by >99% will maintain an inhibitory effect even at relatively lower dose-rates. Therefore, once a quarantine security treatment for Mexican fruit fly is established, a lower dose-rate will reduce adult emergence and should impart little damage to grapefruit peel tissue.

Effect of Irradiating Puparia of Oriental Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Adult Survival and Fecundity for Sterile Insect Technique and Quarantine Purposes

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (6) ◽  
pp. 2808-2816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suhana Yusof ◽  
Ahmad Zainuri Mohamad Dzomir ◽  
Salmah Yaakop
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Sterile Insect Technique ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Oriental Fruit Fly ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Morphological Differences

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of gamma irradiation on survivability (adult emergence, sex ratio, adult longevity), fecundity (eggs hatchability, number of eggs produced), and morphological differences in the size of the ovary and testes of unirradiated and irradiated adults of Oriental fruit fly [Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)]. A dose of 100 Gy was determined as the minimum needed for inhibitory effects against B. dorsalis that would not deter adult emergence, sex ratio (male:female), and adult longevity, with 82.6 ±7.02, 1:1.09, and 107 ± 24.5, respectively. Doses from 50 to 400 Gy range did not completely prevent the adult emergence; however, the emergence decreased by increasing the radiation dose. Adult survivability significantly decreased among all the treatment groups of B. dorsalis, except for the 50 Gy and unirradiated flies. At a dose of 50 Gy, fertile females showed a significant reduction in fecundity by not producing eggs after mating with the sterile males. Meanwhile, the number of eggs laid decreased with increasing dose and no fertile egg was hatched starting at 100 Gy of irradiation. Testes and ovaries of 20-d old flies irradiated as pupae were smaller than those of control flies. In this study, 100 Gy was concluded as the minimum effective dose for the disinfestation and sterilization of B. dorsalis puparia. Results represent new findings used as a basis for sterile insect technique and quarantine programs for managing B. dorsalis, particularly in Malaysia.

scholarly journals Modified Atmosphere Does Not Reduce the Efficacy of Phytosanitary Irradiation Doses Recommended for Tephritid Fruit Flies

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa S. Dias ◽  
Guy J. Hallman ◽  
Olga Y. Martínez-Barrera ◽  
Nick V. Hurtado ◽  
Amanda A. S. Cardoso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽  
Modified Atmosphere ◽  
Radiation Doses ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Levels ◽  
Tephritid Fruit Flies

Phytosanitary irradiation (PI) has been successfully used to disinfest fresh commodities and facilitate international agricultural trade. Critical aspects that may reduce PI efficacy must be considered to ensure the consistency and effectiveness of approved treatment schedules. One factor that can potentially reduce PI efficacy is irradiation under low oxygen conditions. This factor is particularly important because storage and packaging of horticultural commodities under low oxygen levels constitute practices widely used to preserve their quality and extend their shelf life. Hence, international organizations and regulatory agencies have considered the uncertainties regarding the efficacy of PI doses for insects infesting fresh commodities stored under low oxygen levels as a rationale for restricting PI application under modified atmosphere. Our research examines the extent to which low oxygen treatments can reduce the efficacy of phytosanitary irradiation for tephritids naturally infesting fruits. The effects of normoxia (21% O2), hypoxia (~5% O2), and severe hypoxia (< 0.5% O2) on radiation sensitivity of third instars of Anastrepha fraterculus (sensu lato), A. ludens (Loew), Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) were evaluated and compared at several gamma radiation doses. Our findings suggest that, compared to normoxia, hypoxic and severe-hypoxic conditioning before and during irradiation can increase adult emergence and contribute to advancement of larval development of tephritid fruit flies only at low radiation doses that are not used as phytosanitary treatments. With phytosanitary irradiation doses approved internationally for several tephritids, low oxygen treatments applied before and during irradiation did not increase the emergence rates of any fruit fly species evaluated, and all treated insects died as coarctate larvae. Thus, the findings of our research support a re-evaluation of restrictions related to phytosanitary irradiation application under modified atmospheres targeting tephritid fruit flies.

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