Genetic Manipulation Used Against a Field Population of House Flies: 1 Males and Females Bearing a Heterozygous Translocation; Releases Begun Prior to Reaching Initial Peak Population Level 2 , 3

1976 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Wagoner ◽  
P. B. Morgan ◽  
G. C. LaBrecque ◽  
O. A. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Field Population ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Initial Peak ◽  
Heterozygous Translocation

Genetic Manipulation Used Against a Field Population of House Flies.1 1. Males Bearing a Heterozygous Translocation2

1973 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Wagoner ◽  
P. B. Morgan ◽  
G. C. Labrecque ◽  
O. A. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Field Population ◽  
House Flies

scholarly journals Mutability of demographic noise in microbial range expansions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
QinQin Yu ◽  
Matti Gralka ◽  
Marie-Cécilia Duvernoy ◽  
Megan Sousa ◽  
Arbel Harpak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Deletion ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Establishment Probability ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Demographic Noise ◽  
Single Gene Deletion

AbstractDemographic noise, the change in the composition of a population due to random birth and death events, is an important driving force in evolution because it reduces the efficacy of natural selection. Demographic noise is typically thought to be set by the population size and the environment, but recent experiments with microbial range expansions have revealed substantial strain-level differences in demographic noise under the same growth conditions. Many genetic and phenotypic differences exist between strains; to what extent do single mutations change the strength of demographic noise? To investigate this question, we developed a high-throughput method for measuring demographic noise in colonies without the need for genetic manipulation. By applying this method to 191 randomly-selected single gene deletion strains from the E. coli Keio collection, we find that a typical single gene deletion mutation decreases demographic noise by 8% (maximal decrease: 81%). We find that the strength of demographic noise is an emergent trait at the population level that can be predicted by colony-level traits but not cell-level traits. The observed differences in demographic noise from single gene deletions can increase the establishment probability of beneficial mutations by almost an order of magnitude (compared to in the wild type). Our results show that single mutations can substantially alter adaptation through their effects on demographic noise and suggest that demographic noise can be an evolvable trait of a population.

scholarly journals 3376 Super Bingers: Traits and Patterns Associated with High-Intensity Drinking

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (s1) ◽  
pp. 154-155
Author(s):  
James Keoni Morris ◽  
Julia E. Swan ◽  
Josh L. Gowin ◽  
Melanie L. Schwandt ◽  
Nancy Diazgranados ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Binge Drinking ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Heavy Drinking ◽  
Drinking Patterns ◽  
Timeline Followback ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Level 2

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: This study attempts to evaluate the drinking patterns and traits of individuals who partake in high intensity drinking, defined as binge drinking at 2 or more times the minimum binge count (4 drinks for females, 5 drinks for males). METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We analyzed data from non-treatment seeking volunteers enrolled in NIAAA screening protocols. The sample included 706 males and 474 females ranging in age from 18 to 91. Subjects were assigned to one of four groups (Non-Binge, Level 1, Level 2, Level 3) based on the highest binge session reported in their Timeline Followback questionnaire. The criteria for each group were different for males and females based on the current NIAAA definitions of binge drinking. The cutoffs for females were 0-3 drinks for Non-Binge, 4-7 drinks for Level 1, 8-11 drinks for Level 2, and 12+ drinks for Level 3. The male drink cutoffs were 0-4, 5-9, 10-14, and 15+ respectively. We looked at various drinking measures (Timeline Followback, Self-Reported Effects of Alcohol (SRE), Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT)) and trait measures (UPPS-P Impulsivity Scale, Barratt’s Impulsiveness Scale, Buss Perry Aggression Questionnaire) to identify mean differences between groups. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: There were significant differences in drinking patterns between the groups for both males and females. Number of drinking days, average drinks per drinking day, and number of heavy drinking days all increased as binge level increased. There were also significant differences between groups in males for trait measures. Level 2 and Level 3 bingers scored significantly higher on impulsivity and aggression than the Level 1 and Non-Binge groups. Ongoing analyses are examining differences among binge groups on other measures including SRE and AUDIT. Future analyses will explore potential mechanisms underlying the relationships between trait measures and binge drinking using structural equation modeling. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: This study found significant differences between high-intensity drinkers, or “super bingers”, and lighter binge and non-binge drinkers. Super bingers showed an overall heavier drinking pattern across measures. The elevated aggression, impulsivity, and overall heavy drinking patterns of super bingers suggest a behavioral profile that makes this group in particular at higher risk for developing alcohol use disorder and related problems. These traits and behaviors may also help identify targets for treatment interventions for alcohol use disorder.

scholarly journals Structure and Sequence of the Sex Determining Locus in Two Wild Populations of Nile Tilapia

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1017
Author(s):  
Cécile Triay ◽  
Matthew A. Conte ◽  
Jean-François Baroiller ◽  
Etienne Bezault ◽  
Frances E. Clark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Stop Codon ◽  
Premature Stop Codon ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Linkage Groups ◽  
Sequence Coverage ◽  
Determination System ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Sex Determination System

In domesticated strains of the Nile tilapia, phenotypic sex has been linked to genetic variants on linkage groups 1, 20 and 23. This diversity of sex-loci might reflect a naturally polymorphic sex determination system in Nile tilapia, or it might be an artefact arising from the process of domestication. Here, we searched for sex-determiners in wild populations from Kpandu, Lake Volta (Ghana-West Africa), and from Lake Koka (Ethiopia-East Africa) that have not been subjected to any genetic manipulation. We analysed lab-reared families using double-digest Restriction Associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD) and analysed wild-caught males and females with pooled whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Strong sex-linked signals were found on LG23 in both populations, and sex-linked signals with LG3 were observed in Kpandu samples. WGS uncovered blocks of high sequence coverage, suggesting the presence of B chromosomes. We confirmed the existence of a tandem amh duplication in LG23 in both populations and determined its breakpoints between the oaz1 and dot1l genes. We found two common deletions of ~5 kb in males and confirmed the presence of both amhY and amh∆Y genes. Males from Lake Koka lack both the previously reported 234 bp deletion and the 5 bp frameshift-insertion that creates a premature stop codon in amh∆Y.

DIFFERENTIATION OF THE SPECIES OF UROLEPIS (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDOIDEA: PTEROMALIDAE), POTENTIAL BIOCONTROL AGENTS OF FILTH FLIES (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE)

2000 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary A.P. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Biocontrol Agents ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
World Species ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Stable Flies ◽  
The World ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
First Time ◽  
Biological Literature ◽  
Nearctic Region

AbstractThe world species of Urolepis Walker are reviewed and a key is given to differentiate females of Urolepis singularis (Ashmead) and males and females of Urolepis maritima (Walker) and Urolepis rufipes (Ashmead). Lectotypes are designated for U. rufipes and U. singularis. Biological literature relating to parasitism of house flies and stable flies by U. maritima and U. rufipes is summarized, and known hosts of the three species and collection records within the Nearctic region are given. Urolepis maritima is recorded for the first time from the Nearctic region, and U. rufipes is confirmed from northern Europe (Denmark and Germany).

scholarly journals Geographical variation in house-fly (Musca domestica L.) sex determinants within the British Isles

1986 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Denholm ◽  
M. G. Franco ◽  
P. G. Rubini ◽  
M. Vecchi
Keyword(s):  
House Fly ◽  
British Isles ◽  
House Flies ◽  
North East ◽  
Dominant Female ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
South East England ◽  
Female Determinant ◽  
Breeding Farms ◽  
Determination Mechanism

SummaryGenetic and cytological analyses of house-flies collected from 12 pig-breeding farms throughout the British Isles demonstrated that the non-standard sex determination mechanism prevailing in South-East England, involving a dominant female determinant (F) and virtual homozygosity for a male determinant on the X chromosome (Xm, both males and females morphologically XX), was not typical of the country as a whole. Instead there was a gradual decrease in the frequency of F, Xm and a rarer male determinant M III, and a concomitant increase in the standard male determining Y chromosome, on moving north, east and west of this region. Only the Scottish and probably the Irish populations were fully standard (XX females XY males), although one from the East Anglian coast in which non-standard determinants were rare was predominantly of this type. Populations from intermediate areas possessed complex multifactorial mechanisms in which Y, F Xm and M III coexisted. It is hypothesized that this radial cline in sex determinants, like the latitudinal cline known from mainland Europe, represents a transient polymorphism caused by the recent and continuing invasion of non-standard determinants into originally standard populations. The cause(s) of this apparently rapid evolutionary change, however, remain unclear.

Abstract P710: Using Dictionary Learning to Determine Differences in Vasculature Between Males and Females to Understand Gender Differences in Stroke

Stroke ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Mendoza ◽  
Aichi Chien
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Big Data ◽  
Dictionary Learning ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Stroke Incidence ◽  
3D Images ◽  
Stroke Imaging ◽  
Males And Females

Introduction: Between males and females, there is a variation in stroke incidence, with males having a stroke incidence 33% higher than women. This difference may be partly due to gender differences in vascular regions between males and females. We hypothesize that statistically significant population differences in vasculature may be identified and measured through image analysis methods. Methods: We have developed and verified a scalable big data image-processing pipeline for magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), without relying on a MRI registration intermediary, and allowing for multi-modality analysis. Our approach uses dictionary learning to find differences between groups by comparing projections of 3D images from each individual. It enables the degree of regional variation between population groups to be visualized as a color map overlaid on a representative template of the Circle of Willis (CoW). Results: Analyzing a dataset of MRA images from 42 patients (25 female, 17 male), we found the group of females to have larger ICA and more likely to have a complete CoW. The figure presents a heat map of differences between male and female patients from our analysis. Conclusion: The gender differences we found with this new method are consistent with previous research. This multi-modality population level analysis tool may be used to analyze stroke imaging data and extract key global differences. With big data available today, it can be used to quantify statistical differences in vasculature between populations, to gain insight for better stroke diagnosis or treatment.

scholarly journals Genetic consequences of sex-biased dispersal in a solitary carnivore: Yellowstone cougars

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 312-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Biek ◽  
Naomi Akamine ◽  
Michael K Schwartz ◽  
Toni K Ruth ◽  
Kerry M Murphy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Puma Concolor ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Female Dispersal ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Genetic Contributions ◽  
Solitary Species

Male-biased dispersal is a common trait in mammals, including carnivores, but its genetic consequences at the population level have been rarely considered for solitary species. We used long-term genetic data from cougars ( Puma concolor ) in and around Yellowstone National Park to test predictions based on differences in dispersal behaviour among males and females. Consistent with frequent long-distance dispersal of males, we found support for our prediction of less than expected allele sharing in pair-wise comparisons. In contrast, female residents present at the same time and females separated by few generations failed to share more alleles than expected, contrary to our predictions based on limited female dispersal. However, we find that genetic contributions of females with higher reproductive success were still noticeable in subsequent generations, consistent with female offspring showing fidelity to their natal area. These results highlight the importance of male dispersal for inbreeding avoidance, but do not indicate that short-distance dispersal or philopatry in female cougars results in spatial clustering of related individuals.

Circadian flight activity of Simulium spp. (Diptera: Simuliidae) sampled with a vehicle-mounted net in central Nigeria

1985 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Roberts ◽  
R. J. Irving-Bell
Keyword(s):  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Relative Activity ◽  
Flight Activity ◽  
Main Peak ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Level Of Activity ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Gravid Females ◽  
High Level ◽  
Level 2

AbstractA vehicle-mounted net was used to study the circadian flight activity of several species of Simulium in a northern Guinea savanna area in Nigeria during the dry season. The sampling method yielded large numbers of both sexes of Simulium squamosum (Endertein) of the, S. damnosum Theobald complex, S. hargreavesi Gibbins, S. vorax Pomeroy, S. adersi Pomeroy, S. hirsutum Pomeroy and other species. The main peak of activity of all species recorded occurred just after sunset and there was a smaller peak just before sunrise. Flies continued to be caught at a low level 2·5 h after sunset when sampling ceased. Differences in the activity patterns of S. squamosum males and females and of the other species were analysed. Of the S. squamosum females caught, 12% were blood-fed; these and gravid females were mainly active in the evening, while the blood-thirsty flies had a high level of activity throughout the day. Differences between species in the relative activity of blood-thirsty and gravid flies, and nulliparous and parous flies are noted.

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