Before and After Evaluation of Biological Control of the Larch Casebearer (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae) in the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington, 1972–1995

1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 703-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger B. Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Blue Mountains ◽  
Before And After

POPULATION DENSITY AND DYNAMICS OF LARCH CASEBEARER (LEPIDOPTERA: COLEOPHORIDAE) IN THE BLUE MOUNTAINS OF OREGON AND WASHINGTON BEFORE THE BUILD-UP OF EXOTIC PARASITES

1983 ◽  
Vol 115 (9) ◽  
pp. 1095-1102 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Population Change ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Density Dependent ◽  
Blue Mountains ◽  
Coleophora Laricella ◽  
Before And After

AbstractPopulation density and parasitism of larch casebearer, Coleophora laricella (Hübner), were monitored for 10 years before parasites introduced for biological control became abundant. Overwintering densities remained fairly stable at about 100 larvae per 100 buds. The factor most closely correlated with population change was something, as yet unknown, other than the native parasites, which tended to be inversely density-dependent. The data will serve as the “before” period in a before and after evaluation of the biological control program.

scholarly journals Diapause behaviour of Zygogramma bicolorata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a biological control agent for Parthenium hysterophorus (Asteraceae), in Bangalore, India

1993 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. P. Jayanth ◽  
Geetha Bali
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Parthenium Hysterophorus ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Zygogramma Bicolorata ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
Over Time

AbstractZygogramma bicolorata Pallister was introduced for biological control trials against the weed Parthenium hysterophorus (Asteraceae) in India. The insect entered diapause over an extended period of time between July and December in Bangalore. Diapausing adults burrowed into the soil, and emerged in May–June with the commencement of monsoon rains. Percentage diapause increased over time, peaking at 72% during November. Non-diapausing adults were capable of breeding, under laboratory conditions, during the winter. Some adults bred both before and after diapause, during two consecutive years. Soil moisture played an important role in providing the conditions for burrowing or emerging from the diapause chambers. The studies also showed that diapausing adults had to be exposed to the high summer temperatures, for termination of the diapause. It was possible to break diapause by continuous exposure to 30°C, 35°C and 40°C for 22 days, nine days and 10 hours, respectively, during February–March, about three months after its inception. This method can be used to initiate mass multiplication for carrying out releases early in the season.

Biological control of the larger grain borer Prostephanus truncatus (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) in Kenya using a predatory beetle Teretrius nigrescens(Coleoptera: Histeridae)

2003 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 299-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.G. Hill ◽  
F.L.O. Nang'ayo ◽  
D.J. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Pheromone Trap ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Prostephanus Truncatus ◽  
Larger Grain Borer ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Short Rains ◽  
Trap Catches ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe establishment of the predatory histerid beetle, Teretrius nigrescens Lewis, following its field release in south eastern Kenya in 1992, and its impact on populations of the larger grain borer, Prostephanus truncatus (Horn), in woodland habitats is evaluated. Pheromone trap catch data show a single strong peak of P. truncatus from November to January, coincident with the short rains. Comparisons of P. truncatus pheromone trap catches before and after predator establishment, and in areas with and without T. nigrescens, show a sustained decline of over 80% in P. truncatus abundance over a 5-year period, following the establishment T. nigrescens. Concurrent laboratory studies of the impact of T. nigrescens on populations of P. truncatus raised on a wood substrate showed a 77% reduction in the growth of the pest population. These results are compared with published findings of the impact of T. nigrescens as a biological control agent of P. truncatus in west Africa.

The impact of wildfire on an endangered reptile (Eulamprus leuraensis) in Australian montane swamps

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarsha Gorissen ◽  
Matthew Greenlees ◽  
Richard Shine
Keyword(s):  
Direct Effect ◽  
Fire Regime ◽  
Ground Vegetation ◽  
Blue Mountains ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Transitory Effect ◽  
The Impact ◽  
South Eastern Australia

Intense fire is a key threatening process for the endangered Blue Mountains water skink, Eulamprus leuraensis. This species is restricted to isolated, densely vegetated and waterlogged peat swamps in montane south-eastern Australia. We surveyed 11 swamps (5 unburnt, 6 burnt) over 2 years, before and after the intense spring bushfires of 2013, to quantify the fires’ impacts on these skinks, other lizards and the habitat upon which they depend. Trapping revealed no direct effect of fire on E. leuraensis populations, with skinks persisting in all burnt swamps. Fire modified ground vegetation, virtually eliminating live plants and the dense understorey. Despite the conflagration, vegetation regrowth was rapid with swamp habitat largely recovering in just over 1 year post-fire. Fire thus had only a transitory effect on lizard habitat and a non-significant impact on E. leuraensis numbers. Nonetheless, broader-scale analyses suggest a different story: skinks were more abundant in swamps that had experienced a longer time since major fire. Although the ability of this endangered reptile to survive even intense wildfires is encouraging, fire during prolonged dry periods or an intensified fire regime might imperil skink populations.

scholarly journals Seed survival of Australian Acacia in the Western Cape of South Africa in the presence of biological control agents and given environmental variation

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e6816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthys Strydom ◽  
Ruan Veldtman ◽  
Mzabalazo Z. Ngwenya ◽  
Karen J. Esler
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Biological Control ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Seed Survival ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Survival Proportion

Studies of invasive Australian Acacia have shown that many seeds are still produced and accumulate in soil stored seed banks regardless of the presence of seed-targeting biological control agents. This is despite claims of biological control success, although there is generally a lack of data on the seed production of invasive Australian Acacia before and after the release of the respective agents. We aimed to quantify seed production and seed survival of invasive Australian Acacia currently under biological control. The seed production and survival (proportion of aborted, predated and surviving seeds) of A. longifolia, A. pycnantha and A. saligna were each studied at four to five sites in the Western Cape of South Africa. The relationships between seed production and stand characteristics were determined and the relative effects of seed predation and abortion on seed survival were established. The investigated invasive Australian Acacia produced many seeds that survived the pre-dispersal stage despite long-term presence of released biological control agents. It was shown that seed crop size is the only significant factor influencing seed survival of the studied Australian Acacia species. Furthermore, the seeds surviving per tree and per square meter were related to tree size. No quantitative evidence was found to suggest that seed-reducing biological control agents are having an impact on the population dynamics of their Australian Acacia hosts. This study illustrates the importance of studying the seed ecology of invasive plants before biological control agents are selected and released.

scholarly journals Biological Control of Ceratocystis fimbriata by Bacillus subtilis on Acacia mearnsii Seedlings

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Mezzomo ◽  
Graziela Piveta ◽  
Marília Lazarotto ◽  
Clair Walker ◽  
Caciara Gonzatto Maciel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Acacia Mearnsii ◽  
Ceratocystis Fimbriata ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Pathogenicity Tests ◽  
Antagonistic Potential ◽  
Black Wattle

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Ceratocystis fimbriata isolates, obtained from Actinidia deliciosa (kiwifruit), on black wattle (Acacia mearnsii De Wild.) seedlings, the potential biological control exerted in vitro by Bacillus subtilis on C. fimbriata, and the in vivo effect of B. subtilis against C. fimbriata on black wattle seedlings. Isolates of C. fimbriata obtained and identified from kiwi plantations were used in pathogenicity tests on A. mearnsii seedlings. In vitro, the antagonistic potential of B. subtilis on the pathogen was analyzed by direct confrontation tests. To evaluate the effect of B. subtilis in vivo, black wattle seedlings were inoculated with Rhizolyptus® seven days before and after pathogen inoculation. On black wattle seedlings, C. fimbriata isolates caused 44,15% to 100% severity. Direct confrontation tests revealed that the strains were effective in the biological control of C. fimbriata isolates in vitro. In vivo, Rizolyptus® was not efficient in controlling C. fimbriata.

Deformation Replication

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 280-281
Author(s):  
J. Temple Black
Keyword(s):  
Cutting Speed ◽  
Machining Process ◽  
Depth Of Cut ◽  
Rake Face ◽  
Orthogonal Machining ◽  
Aluminum Chips ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Glass Knife ◽  
Very High

Tool materials used in ultramicrotomy are glass, developed by Latta and Hartmann (1) and diamond, introduced by Fernandez-Moran (2). While diamonds produce more good sections per knife edge than glass, they are expensive; require careful mounting and handling; and are time consuming to clean before and after usage, purchase from vendors (3-6 months waiting time), and regrind. Glass offers an easily accessible, inexpensive material ($0.04 per knife) with very high compressive strength (3) that can be employed in microtomy of metals (4) as well as biological materials. When the orthogonal machining process is being studied, glass offers additional advantages. Sections of metal or plastic can be dried down on the rake face, coated with Au-Pd, and examined directly in the SEM with no additional handling (5). Figure 1 shows aluminum chips microtomed with a 75° glass knife at a cutting speed of 1 mm/sec with a depth of cut of 1000 Å lying on the rake face of the knife.

The Clinical, Roentgenological and Morphological Effects of an Acute Exposure of Phosgene on the Lungs of Dogs

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 236-237
Author(s):  
R. F. Bils ◽  
W. F. Diller ◽  
F. Huth
Keyword(s):  
Latent Period ◽  
Chemical Industry ◽  
Toxic Substance ◽  
Lung Edema ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Morphological Alterations ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Electron Microscopes

Phosgene still plays an important role as a toxic substance in the chemical industry. Thiess (1968) recently reported observations on numerous cases of phosgene poisoning. A serious difficulty in the clinical handling of phosgene poisoning cases is a relatively long latent period, up to 12 hours, with no obvious signs of severity. At about 12 hours heavy lung edema appears suddenly, however changes can be seen in routine X-rays taken after only a few hours' exposure (Diller et al., 1969). This study was undertaken to correlate these early changes seen by the roengenologist with morphological alterations in the lungs seen in the'light and electron microscopes.Forty-two adult male and female Beagle dogs were selected for these exposure experiments. Treated animals were exposed to 94.5-107-5 ppm phosgene for 10 min. in a 15 m3 chamber. Roentgenograms were made of the thorax of each animal before and after exposure, up to 24 hrs.

Ultrastructure of Melanin Formation in Curvularia sp., Alternaria sp., and Drechslera Sorokiniana

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 398-399
Author(s):  
M. H. Wheeler ◽  
W. J. Tolmsoff ◽  
A. A. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Phosphate ◽  
Thielaviopsis Basicola ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Potassium Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Transmission Microscopy ◽  
Electron Transmission ◽  
Melanin Formation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Alternaria Sp ◽  
Electron Transmission Microscopy

(+)-Scytalone [3,4-dihydro-3,6,8-trihydroxy-l-(2Hj-naphthalenone] and 1,8-di- hydroxynaphthalene (DHN) have been proposed as intermediates of melanin synthesis in the fungi Verticillium dahliae (1, 2, 3, 4) and Thielaviopsis basicola (4, 5). Scytalone is enzymatically dehydrated by V. dahliae to 1,3,8-trihydroxynaphthalene which is then reduced to (-)-vermelone [(-)-3,4- dihydro-3,8-dihydroxy-1(2H)-naphthalenone]. Vermelone is subsequently dehydrated to DHN which is enzymatically polymerized to melanin.Melanin formation in Curvularia sp., Alternaria sp., and Drechslera soro- kiniana was examined by light and electron-transmission microscopy. Wild-type isolates of each fungus were compared with albino mutants before and after treatment with 1 mM scytalone or 0.1 mM DHN in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0. Both chemicals were converted to dark pigments in the walls of hyphae and conidia of the albino mutants. The darkened cells were similar in appearance to corresponding cells of the wild types under the light microscope.

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