Potential outcomes and finite-population inference for M-estimators

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruonan Xu
Keyword(s):  
Finite Population ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Asymptotic Variance ◽  
General Setting ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Potential Outcomes ◽  
Inference Method ◽  
Population Inference ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
The Common

Summary When a sample is drawn from or coincides with a finite population, the uncertainty of the coefficient estimators is often reported assuming the population is effectively infinite. The recent literature on finite-population inference instead derives an alternative asymptotic variance of the ordinary least squares estimator. Here, I extend the results to the more general setting of M-estimators and also find that the usual robust ‘sandwich’ estimator is conservative. The proposed asymptotic variance of M-estimators accounts for two sources of variation. In addition to the usual sampling-based uncertainty arising from (possibly) not observing the entire population, there is also design-based uncertainty, which is usually ignored in the common inference method, resulting from lack of knowledge of the counterfactuals. Under this alternative framework, we can obtain smaller standard errors of M-estimators when the population is treated as finite.

The Development of Diarthrodial Joints in Birds and Mammals

1890 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 258-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Hepburn
Keyword(s):  
Recent Literature ◽  
Human Foetus ◽  
Diarthrodial Joints ◽  
Mammalian Embryos ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
Full Period

After giving a summary of recent literature on the subject, the author then proceeded to state the nature of the material which he had employed in the present investigation.The bird selected was the common fowl (Gallus domest.), and he had examined a series of microscopic sections through the limbs from the fourth day of incubation to the day of hatching.The mammalian embryos examined were mice and rabbits, and the fingers of the human fœtus from an embryo approaching the full period of uterogestation.

Random environmental processes for complex computer systems: a theoretical approach

1999 ◽  
Vol 02 (02) ◽  
pp. 117-135
Author(s):  
Nikitas A. Assimakopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Computer Model ◽  
Computer Network ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Convincing Argument ◽  
Stochastic Parameters ◽  
Dependent Component ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
Environmental Process ◽  
The Common ◽  
Complex Computer

In this paper, we consider various computer inventory, computer queueing and reliability computer models where complexity due to interacting components of subsystems is apparent. In particular, our analysis focuses on a multi-item inventory computer model with stochastically dependent demands, a queueing computer network where there are dependent arrival and service processes, or a reliability computer model with stochastically dependent component lifetimes. We discuss cases where this dependence is induced only by a random environmental process which the system operates in. This process represents the sources of variation that affect all deterministic and stochastic parameters of the model. Thus, not only are the parameters of the model now stochastic processes, but they are all dependent due to the common environment they are all subject to. Our objective is to provide a convincing argument that, under fairly reasonable conditions, the analytical techniques used in these models as well as their solutions are not much more complicated than those where there is no environmental variation.

scholarly journals A COMPARISON BETWEEN TWO OLS-BASED APPROACHES TO ESTIMATING URBAN MULTIFRACTAL PARAMETERS

Fractals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (01) ◽  
pp. 1850019 ◽  
Author(s):  
LIN-SHAN HUANG ◽  
YAN-GUANG CHEN
Keyword(s):  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Regression Method ◽  
Parameters Estimation ◽  
Spectral Curves ◽  
Fractal Parameters ◽  
Multifractal Theory ◽  
Scale Range ◽  
The Common ◽  
Urban Problems ◽  
Parameter Values

Multifractal theory provides a new spatial analytical tool for urban studies, but many basic problems remain to be solved. Among various pending issues, the most significant one is how to obtain proper multifractal dimension spectrums. If an algorithm is improperly used, the parameter spectrums will be abnormal. This paper is devoted to investigating two ordinary least squares (OLS)-based approaches for estimating urban multifractal parameters. Using empirical study and comparative analysis, we demonstrate how to utilize the adequate linear regression to calculate multifractal parameters. The OLS regression analysis has two different approaches. One is that the intercept is fixed to zero, and the other is that the intercept is not limited. The results of comparative study show that the zero-intercept regression yields proper multifractal parameter spectrums within certain scale range of moment order, while the common regression method often leads to abnormal multifractal parameter values. A conclusion can be reached that fixing the intercept to zero is a more advisable regression method for multifractal parameters estimation, and the shapes of spectral curves and value ranges of fractal parameters can be employed to diagnose urban problems. This research is helpful for scientists to understand multifractal models and apply a more reasonable technique to multifractal parameter calculations.

Razzismo di Stato. Stati Uniti, Europa, Italia, edited by Pietro Basso, Milan: Angeli, 2010

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 226-239
Author(s):  
Corradi Laura
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Native Workers ◽  
Marxist Approach ◽  
The Common ◽  
Collection Point ◽  
European Migration ◽  
Western Democracies

Abstract An important edited collection on US and European migration policies as vehicles or factors of institutional racism are dealt with in this review-essay. In the context of recent literature on migration, Pietro Basso’s State Racism proposes a specifically Marxist approach and represents a sharp critical analysis of the ongoing surge in racism sweeping across Western Europe and North America by offering an investigation into the authoritarian, racialising, and elitist drift of Western democracies and societies. Particular importance is given to the spread of hostility towards migrants among native workers, often due to a condition of isolation, weakness, and vulnerabilities produced by the failures of trade unions and political organisations of the working class. The essays in the collection point towards ways in which these can be effectively thwarted and blocked by renewing collective struggles and solidarity, arguing that solidarity can stimulate the development of anti-racism based on the unity of the working class, capable of combating all types of discrimination through self-organisation, equality, and cooperation between migrant and native workers in the common struggle to assert needs and rights. At the present conjuncture, workers across borders can be the carriers of a new form of civilisation, liberated from the supremacy of the commodity and of money, from the exploitation of labour, and from racism and sexism.

scholarly journals Maps Preserving Norms of Generalized Weighted Quasi-arithmetic Means of Invertible Positive Operators

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 357-364
Author(s):  
Gergő Nagy ◽  
Patricia Szokol
Keyword(s):  
General Setting ◽  
Interesting Property ◽  
Positive Operators ◽  
Arithmetic Means ◽  
Mild Conditions ◽  
Weighted Arithmetic ◽  
The Common ◽  
Adjoint Operators

In this paper, the problem of describing the structure of transformations leaving norms of generalized weighted quasi-arithmetic means of invertible positive operators invariant is discussed. In a former result of the authors, this problem was solved for weighted quasi-arithmetic means, and here the corresponding result is generalized by establishing its solution under certain mild conditions. It is proved that in a quite general setting, generalized weighted quasi-arithmetic means on self-adjoint operators are not monotone in their variables which is an interesting property. Moreover, the relation of these means with the Kubo-Ando means is investigated and it is shown that the common members of the classes of these types of means are weighted arithmetic means.

scholarly journals Neoliberalism in Argentina and Chile: common antecedents, divergent paths

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (55) ◽  
pp. 11-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomás Undurraga
Keyword(s):  
Recent Literature ◽  
Market Reforms ◽  
The Common ◽  
Political Economic

AbstractThis paper contrasts the experiences of neoliberalism in Argentina and Chile, exploring why two countries that implemented apparently similar market reforms came to different stances on marketization: a post-neoliberal politics in Argentina, and a tempered neoliberalism in Chile that has only recently come under scrutiny. The paper traces the common antecedents that inspired these reforms and the different outcomes and reactions that they produced. In contrast to recent literature, which emphasizes one or another explanatory factor, this article offers a synthetic comparison of the historical, political, economic, and ideological factors in play, helping to understand how capitalists achieved a hegemonic class position in Chile and not in Argentina.

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