scholarly journals Herd Immunity Likely Protected the Men Who Have Sex With Men in the Recent Hepatitis A Outbreak in San Diego, California

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 1228-1230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davey Smith ◽  
Christina Huynh ◽  
Adam J Moore ◽  
Andrew Frick ◽  
Christy Anderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
High Risk ◽  
San Diego ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
High Seroprevalence ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Sex With Men

Abstract A high seroprevalence of hepatitis A virus (81%) among human immunodeficiency virus–negative high-risk men who have sex with men is likely why this community was largely spared from a recent hepatitis A virus outbreak in San Diego, California.

scholarly journals Estimating the critical immunity threshold for preventing hepatitis A outbreaks in men who have sex with men

2015 ◽  
Vol 144 (7) ◽  
pp. 1528-1537 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. REGAN ◽  
J. G. WOOD ◽  
C. BENEVENT ◽  
H. ALI ◽  
L. WATCHIRS SMITH ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Population Immunity ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
The Basic Reproduction Number

SUMMARYSeveral outbreaks of hepatitis A in men who have sex with men (MSM) were reported in the 1980s and 1990s in Australia and other countries. An effective hepatitis A virus (HAV) vaccine has been available in Australia since 1994 and is recommended for high-risk groups including MSM. No outbreaks of hepatitis A in Australian MSM have been reported since 1996. In this study, we aimed to estimate HAV transmissibility in MSM populations in order to inform targets for vaccine coverage in such populations. We used mathematical models of HAV transmission in a MSM population to estimate the basic reproduction number (R0) and the probability of an HAV epidemic occurring as a function of the immune proportion. We estimated a plausible range forR0of 1·71–3·67 for HAV in MSM and that sustained epidemics cannot occur once the proportion immune to HAV is greater than ~70%. To our knowledge this is the first estimate ofR0and the critical population immunity threshold for HAV transmission in MSM. As HAV is no longer endemic in Australia or in most other developed countries, vaccination is the only means of maintaining population immunity >70%. Our findings provide impetus to promote HAV vaccination in high-risk groups such as MSM.

scholarly journals Prevalence, Incidence, and Clearance of Human Papillomavirus Types Covered by Current Vaccines in Men With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the SUN Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 222 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pragna Patel ◽  
Tim Bush ◽  
Lois Conley ◽  
Elizabeth R Unger ◽  
Teresa M Darragh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Hpv Vaccine ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Abnormal Cytology ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Vaccine Impact ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
High Risk Hpv

Abstract Background High-risk anal human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is prevalent among men living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); the association between 9-valent (9v) high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) vaccine types and abnormal cytology has not been well characterized. Methods We followed a prospective cohort study of persons with HIV at 7 HIV clinics in 4 US cities from March 2004 through June 2012. Annually, providers collected separate anal swabs for HPV detection and cytopathologic examination. Among men, we examined prevalence, incidence, and clearance of 9v HR-HPV vaccine types, compared with other HR types, and associations with abnormal cytology to assess potential vaccine impact. Results Baseline prevalence of any anal 9v HR-HPV type among men who have sex with men (MSM) and men who have sex with women (MSW) was 74% and 25% (P < .001), respectively. Among 299 MSM, abnormal cytology was detected in 161 (54%) MSM and was associated with the presence of any 9v HR-HPV (relative risk [RR], 1.8 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.3–2.6]; P < .001). Among 61 MSW, abnormal anal cytology was detected in 12 (20%) and was associated with the presence of any 9v HR-HPV (RR, 4.3 [95% CI, 1.6–11.5]; P < .001). Conclusions Among men with HIV, the prevalence of the 7 HR-HPV types in the 9v vaccine was high and was associated with abnormal cytology. These findings indicate that men with HIV could benefit from prophylactic administration of the 9v HPV vaccine.

Prevalence of Hepatitis A Immunity and Decision-tree Analysis Among Men Who Have Sex With Men and Are Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Tokyo

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomohiko Koibuchi ◽  
Michiko Koga ◽  
Tadashi Kikuchi ◽  
Taizo Horikomi ◽  
Yoshihiro Kawamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Decision Tree ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Decision Tree Analysis ◽  
Decision Tree Algorithm ◽  
Tree Analysis ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Living With Hiv

Abstract Background Hepatitis A virus (HAV) can be sexually transmitted. However, the level of HAV immunity among patients living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Japan is unknown. Determining the epidemiology of HAV infections among men who have sex with men (MSM) and who are living with HIV is essential for an HAV vaccination program. This study examined HAV immunity in patients living with HIV and applied the decision-tree analysis to explore the factors of immunoglobulin G (IgG)-hepatitis A (HA) antibodies in MSM living with HIV. Methods We examined the presence of IgG-HA antibodies among patients living with HIV from January to December 2017 in The Hospital of The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo. We recorded each patient’s age, sex, mode of HIV transmission, year of HIV diagnosis, HAV vaccine status, history of HAV infection, and history of other infectious diseases. A decision-tree algorithm was used to reveal the factors and profiles most relevant to the anti-HAV prevalence. Results Overall, 378 MSM patients living with HIV were examined for IgG-HA antibodies. After excluding 24 patients who had received a HAV vaccine, the data of 354 MSM were analyzed (median age 45 years, interquartile range 39–51 years). Of the 354 patients, 60 (16.9%) were positive for IgG-HA antibodies. The HA positivity rate increased with patients’ age, and age (> 63.5 years) was extracted as the most important variable by classification of the decision-tree algorithm. Conclusions Our study, conducted just before the HAV outbreak among MSM in Tokyo, showed that age was the most relevant factor in anti-HAV prevalences. An extensive HAV vaccination program for MSM patients living with HIV is urgently needed, particularly for younger people.

scholarly journals High Prevalence of Anal and Oral High-Risk Human Papillomavirus in Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Uninfected French Men Who Have Sex With Men and Use Preexposure Prophylaxis

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph-Sydney Mboumba Bouassa ◽  
Laurent Bélec ◽  
Camelia Gubavu ◽  
Hélène Péré ◽  
Mathieu Matta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Preexposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Oral Hpv ◽  
Sex With Men

Abstract Background We assessed the prevalence and risk factors of anal and oral high-risk (HR) human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in human immunodeficiency virus–uninfected men who have sex with men (MSM) and take preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in France. Methods Anal and oral samples were screened by multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (Anyplex II HPV 28; Seegene) for HPV DNA. Results A total of 61 unvaccinated MSM (mean age, 36.1 years) were enrolled. Anal HPV and HR-HPV prevalences were 93.4% and 81.9%, respectively, and oral HPV and HR-HPV prevalences, 33.9% and 19.6%, respectively. HR-HPV type 33 was the most detected genotype, in both anal and oral samples. Among MSM, 68.8% carried ≥1 anal HPV type targeted by the 9-valent Gardasil-9 vaccine; all oral HPV-positive samples carried ≥1 strain included in the vaccine. Condomless receptive anal intercourse and history of anal gonorrhea were the main factors associated with increased risk for anal HPV infection (adjusted odds ratio, 10.4) and anal infection with multiple HR-HPV genotypes (5.77), respectively. Conversely, having had <10 partners in the last 12 months was associated with decreased risk for anal carriage of both multiple HPV (adjusted odds ratio, 0.19) and HR-HPV (0.17) types. Conclusion French MSM using PrEP are at high risk for both anal and oral carriage of HR-HPV that could lead to HPV-related cancers.

scholarly journals Comparative effectiveness of two doses versus three doses of hepatitis A vaccine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected and -uninfected men who have sex with men

Hepatology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 1734-1741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Tzu Tseng ◽  
Sui-Yuan Chang ◽  
Wen-Chun Liu ◽  
Hsin-Yun Sun ◽  
Cheng-Hsin Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Comparative Effectiveness ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Sex With Men

scholarly journals Seroprevalência do Anticorpo do Vírus na Hepatite A em Viajantes Portugueses: Um Novo Paradigma

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 534
Author(s):  
Sónia Rocha ◽  
Sandra Tejo ◽  
Eugénia Ferreira ◽  
Luís Trindade ◽  
Eduardo Rabadão ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Introduction: In Portugal, the prevalence of hepatitis A virus infection has decreased in the past decades, especially in young adults. The aim of this study was to detect the prevalence of antibody to hepatitis A virus in a population observed in our Travel Clinic.Material and Methods: Antibodies against hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus were tested using standard enzyme immunoassay in patients older than 18. The exclusion criteria were: prior vaccination for hepatitis A virus, previous diagnosis of infection with hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and/or human immunodeficiency virus, foreign travelers and long-term expatriates. We applied an epidemiological survey and data was statistically analyzed with SPSS® 18.0.Results: In the 665 travelers studied, natural immunity to hepatitis A virus was present in 57.6% (n = 383). They were stratified into 8 age groups and for each one hepatitis A immunity was clarified: 5.0% (n = 1) in 18 - 25 years, 32.3% (n = 21) in 26 - 30 years, 40.9% (n = 47) in 31 - 35 years, 45.8% (n = 54) in 36 - 40 years, 68.7% (n = 79) in 41 - 45 years, 70.1% (n = 68) in 46 - 50 years, 80.8% (n = 63) in 51 - 55 years and 87.7% (n = 50) over 56 years old. In those who accepted further screening, positivity for hepatitis B core antibody was found in 0.6% (n = 3) travelers, hepatitis C virus infection in 1.1% (n = 6) and human immunodeficiency virus infection in 0.5% (n = 3) whose previous status was unknown. The most frequent travel destination was sub-Saharan Africa (72.6%; n = 483).Discussion: We found 49.1% (n = 260) travelers under 50 years old susceptible to hepatitis A virus infection and for those between 40 and 50 years, 30.7% (n = 65) still need vaccine protection.Conclusion: Across age groups there is a trend towards lower prevalence of hepatitis A virus antibody, in particular among youngsters, when compared with older Portuguese studies.

scholarly journals Ongoing hepatitis A among men who have sex with men (MSM) linked to outbreaks in Europe in Tel Aviv area, Israel, December 2016 – June 2017

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (29) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yael Gozlan ◽  
Itay Bar-Or ◽  
Aviya Rakovsky ◽  
Michal Savion ◽  
Ziva Amitai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Vaccination Programme ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
Risk Population ◽  
Tel Aviv ◽  
Sex With Men

Between December 2016 and June 2017, 19 Hepatitis A virus (HAV)-positive cases, 17 of which were among men who have sex with men (MSM) were identified in the Tel Aviv area. Seven of the 15 sewage samples collected between January and June 2017 were also HAV-positive. All sequences clustered with two of the three strains identified in the current European HAV outbreak. We demonstrate that despite an efficient vaccination programme, HAV can still be transmitted to an unvaccinated high-risk population.

High-risk Human Papilloma Virus Testing Improves Diagnostic Performance to Predict Moderate- to High-grade Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia in Human Immunodeficiency Virus–infected Men Who Have Sex With Men in Low-to-Absent Cytological Abnormalities

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (12) ◽  
pp. 2185-2192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pompeyo Viciana ◽  
Yusnelkis Milanés-Guisado ◽  
María Fontillón ◽  
Ana Domínguez Castaño ◽  
César Sotomayor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Diagnostic Performance ◽  
Composite Endpoint ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Hpv Testing ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Sex With Men

Abstract Background Screening methods for anal squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) are suboptimal. We aimed to determine the diagnostic performance of a composite endpoint comprising anal liquid-based cytology (aLBC) and high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) testing to predict histological high-grade SILs (hHSILs). Methods From the SeVIHanal cohort, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected men who have sex with men (MSM) who had an aLBC with concomitant HR-HPV testing were included. hHSILs were determined by high-resolution anoscopy (HRA)–guided biopsy. Results A total of 705 visits obtained from 426 patients were included. The prevalence of HR-HPV among aLBC results were 51.9% (133/215) normal, 87.9% (20/232) low-grade SILs (LSILs), and 90.9% (149/164) high-grade SILs; P (linear association) < .001. Low prevalence of hHSILs was only observed for the composite aLBC/HR-HPV testing endpoint “normal/noHR-HPV” (10%) and “LSIL/noHR-HPV” (4%). The prognostic values (95% confidence interval) for HR-HPV to predict hHSILs in normal cytology were positive predictive value (PPV), 29.3% (25.6%–33.3%); negative predictive value (NPV), 90.2% (82.8%–94.7%); sensitivity, 83% (69.2%–92.4%); and specificity, 44.1% (36.4%–51.9%). Corresponding figures for cytologic LSILs were PPV, 39.2% (37.4%–41.1%); NPV, 96.4% (78.9%–99.5%); sensitivity, 98.8% (93.3%–99.9%); and specificity, 17.9% (12.1%–24.9%). A positive interaction and a synergistic effect for the composite endpoint were observed (relative excess risk = 1.50, attributable proportion of histological results to interaction = 0.17, synergy index = 1.24). Conclusions HRA should not be indicated in the setting of LSILs/noHR-HPV following aLBC-based screening. In contrast, HIV-infected MSM with normal aLBC/HR-HPV infection should be considered for HRA. Clinical Trials Registration NCT03713229.

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