scholarly journals Revisiting the 1976 "Swine Flu" Vaccine Clinical Trials: Cross-reactive Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase Antibodies and Their Role in Protection Against the 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Virus in Mice

2011 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 1179-1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Xie ◽  
X. Li ◽  
J. Gao ◽  
Z. Lin ◽  
X. Jing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Swine Flu ◽  
H1n1 Pandemic ◽  
Pandemic Virus ◽  
2009 H1n1 ◽  
Flu Vaccine

scholarly journals Pandemic Paradox: Early Life H2N2 Pandemic Influenza Infection Enhanced Susceptibility to Death during the 2009 H1N1 Pandemic

mBio ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Gagnon ◽  
Enrique Acosta ◽  
Stacey Hallman ◽  
Robert Bourbeau ◽  
Lisa Y. Dillon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Pandemic Influenza ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Swine Flu ◽  
Modern World ◽  
H1n1 Pandemic ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
2009 H1n1

ABSTRACT Recent outbreaks of H5, H7, and H9 influenza A viruses in humans have served as a vivid reminder of the potentially devastating effects that a novel pandemic could exert on the modern world. Those who have survived infections with influenza viruses in the past have been protected from subsequent antigenically similar pandemics through adaptive immunity. For example, during the 2009 H1N1 “swine flu” pandemic, those exposed to H1N1 viruses that circulated between 1918 and the 1940s were at a decreased risk for mortality as a result of their previous immunity. It is also generally thought that past exposures to antigenically dissimilar strains of influenza virus may also be beneficial due to cross-reactive cellular immunity. However, cohorts born during prior heterosubtypic pandemics have previously experienced elevated risk of death relative to surrounding cohorts of the same population. Indeed, individuals born during the 1890 H3Nx pandemic experienced the highest levels of excess mortality during the 1918 “Spanish flu.” Applying Serfling models to monthly mortality and influenza circulation data between October 1997 and July 2014 in the United States and Mexico, we show corresponding peaks in excess mortality during the 2009 H1N1 “swine flu” pandemic and during the resurgent 2013–2014 H1N1 outbreak for those born at the time of the 1957 H2N2 “Asian flu” pandemic. We suggest that the phenomenon observed in 1918 is not unique and points to exposure to pandemic influenza early in life as a risk factor for mortality during subsequent heterosubtypic pandemics. IMPORTANCE The relatively low mortality experienced by older individuals during the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus pandemic has been well documented. However, reported situations in which previous influenza virus exposures have enhanced susceptibility are rare and poorly understood. One such instance occurred in 1918—when those born during the heterosubtypic 1890 H3Nx influenza virus pandemic experienced the highest levels of excess mortality. Here, we demonstrate that this phenomenon was not unique to the 1918 H1N1 pandemic but that it also occurred during the contemporary 2009 H1N1 pandemic and 2013–2014 H1N1-dominated season for those born during the heterosubtypic 1957 H2N2 “Asian flu” pandemic. These data highlight the heretofore underappreciated phenomenon that, in certain instances, prior exposure to pandemic influenza virus strains can enhance susceptibility during subsequent pandemics. These results have important implications for pandemic risk assessment and should inform laboratory studies aimed at uncovering the mechanism responsible for this effect.

scholarly journals Variations in the Hemagglutinin of the 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Virus: Potential for Strains with Altered Virulence Phenotype?

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. e1001145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianqiang Ye ◽  
Erin M. Sorrell ◽  
Yibin Cai ◽  
Hongxia Shao ◽  
Kemin Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
H1n1 Pandemic ◽  
Virulence Phenotype ◽  
Pandemic Virus ◽  
2009 H1n1

Tobacco smoking and influenza (review)

MedAlliance ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-92
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Influenza Infection ◽  
H1n1 Pandemic ◽  
Influenza Epidemic ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Stop Smoking ◽  
2009 H1n1 ◽  
Former Smokers ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Pandemic Flu

The review analyzed data on the risks of influenza infection and severe course in tobacco smokers compared with non-smokers. The incidence of influenza in the Russian Federation in 2018 amounted to 26.33 per 100 000 people, and was 24% lower than the incidence in 2017 (34.86 per 100 000) due to the fact that in recent years the coverage of the population with preventive vaccinations has been significantly increased against the flu. Meta-analyzes shows that current smokers are more likely to get the flu than non-smokers. It is noted that smoking may increase the risk of hospitalization in smokers (OR 1.32–2.18 in various meta-analyzes) and former smokers after infection with the influenza virus. Tobacco has been found to increase the risk of death from influenza among older people. At the same time, there is a study of risk factors for severe outcomes in patients hospitalized with the 2009 H1N1 pandemic flu, in which smoking was not a risk factor for severe outcomes. During the influenza epidemic, smokers and former smokers should be given the flu shot and be informed of the risk of hospitalization, and they are also strongly advised to stop smoking.

scholarly journals Improving Pandemic Response: A Sensemaking Perspective on the Spring 2009 H1N1 Pandemic

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann C. Keller ◽  
Chris K. Ansell ◽  
Arthur L. Reingold ◽  
Mathilde Bourrier ◽  
Mark D. Hunter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
H1n1 Pandemic ◽  
2009 H1n1 ◽  
Pandemic Response
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