Analysis of C1-C16 Hydrocarbons Using Dual-Column Capillary GC: Application to Exhaust Emissions from Passenger Car and Motorcycle Engines

1995 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Jemma ◽  
P. R. Shore ◽  
K. A. Widdicombe
Keyword(s):  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Capillary Gc ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Dual Column

The Influence of Synthetic Oxygenates on Euro IV Diesel Passenger Car Exhaust Emissions

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miłosław Kozak ◽  
Jerzy Merkisz ◽  
Piotr Bielaczyc ◽  
Andrzej Szczotka
Keyword(s):  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Car Exhaust

Exhaust emissions and fuel consumption of a triple-fuel spark-ignition engine powered passenger car

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Rodman Oprešnik ◽  
Tine Seljak ◽  
Frančišek Bizjan ◽  
Tomaž Katrašnik
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Passenger Car

scholarly journals An Evaluation of Six Methods for the Detection of Drugs of Abuse in Urine

1989 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Simpson ◽  
D R Jarvie ◽  
R Heyworth
Keyword(s):  
Reliable Method ◽  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
Capillary Gc ◽  
Preliminary Screening ◽  
Screening Procedures ◽  
Dual Column ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Urine Specimens

The detection of drugs of abuse in urine by four commercial immunoassay systems (TDx, BCL and PFI-20 opiates, and PFI-20 morphine) and one commercial TLC system (Toxi-Lab) was investigated and results compared with those obtained by a dual-column capillary GC system. The TDx system was the most reliable method for preliminary screening of urines for opiates; all the commercial immunoassay systems gave some results which were at variance with those of the GC. The GC method proved to be more reliable than the commercial TLC system in discriminating between the different opiates and is recommended for identification of drugs of abuse in urine specimens in which positive results have been obtained with preliminary screening procedures.

The Diesel Engine for Cars—Is There a Future?

1998 ◽  
Vol 120 (3) ◽  
pp. 641-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. F. Pischinger
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
The State ◽  
Specific Power ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
The Future

The diesel engine is known as the most fuel efficient combustion engine. Its acceptance for use in passengers cars, however, varies geographically. Today, the diesel car plays an important role in Europe; in France, for instance, it is achieving a remarkable market share of about 42 percent, while in the US its market penetration can be neglected. Many questions are expressed concerning the future of diesel powered cars. The question affecting market acceptance is as follows: can the significantly better fuel efficiency of a diesel car outweigh perceived detrimental characteristics? Such unfavorable properties are thought to be low specific power, objectionable noise, higher exhaust emissions (including smoke), and higher vehicle price. These features are closely influenced by the state of passenger car diesel engine technology. This technology state and its potential must be evaluated with respect to current and future demands, for instance, tighter exhaust emission regulations. In addition, the commercial value and consumer acceptance of high fuel economy must be evaluated. It is clear that the ultimate result of weighing the pros and cons will depend not only on technological factors, but also on political factors such as fuel taxation. Regarding the state of technology, the diesel car is very promising. First, by employing a direct injection combustion system, the fuel efficiency can be improved by about 15 percent over current swirl chamber engines. Furthermore, the specific power (hp/ltr) can be increased by efficient supercharging to achieve values of today’s gasoline engines. By tuning the combustion system, low noise engine design features and incorporation of careful noise reduction measures on the vehicle, the noise behavior of a spark ignited vehicle can be reached. Exhaust emissions can currently be reduced to a level to satisfy today’s European and US Tier 1 emission limits. However, significant development effort remains. More stringent emission levels (California US, Tier 2 ULEV, and Stage 3 in Europe) require further advancements in diesel combustion. The strong development potential of 4-value engines and new unique injection systems is evident. In addition, there are promising developments with lean NOx catalysts and regenerative particulate filters. These technologies offer the potential to meet the very stringent future emission standards. It is anticipated that the sophisticated technology needed to meet these standards will make the future diesel car more expensive compared to a gasoline fueled vehicle. This raises the issue of what price will the consumer pay for the higher fuel economy of a diesel car. In light of the worldwide rapid increase in passenger car population and of the dwindling oil reserves and their global distribution, the fuel efficient diesel engine will play an important role in the future of passenger cars.

scholarly journals The effect of fuel properties on exhaust emissions from diesel passenger car

2005 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-30
Author(s):  
Miłosław KOZAK ◽  
Jerzy MERKISZ ◽  
Piotr BIELACZYC
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Sulphur Content ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Passenger Car

The effect of diesel fuel sulphur content and cetane number on regulated emissions was investigated in a Euro III diesel passenger car. Experimental results indicated that fuel sulphur level had a significant impact on all regulated emission, especially on PM. Testing fuels of different ignition qualities showed that HC and CO emissions of high cetane number fuels were significantly lower than emissions of a low cetane number fuel. We also observed a little decrease in NOx emissions with an increase in the cetane number.

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