Dissociation Between Memory Accuracy and Memory Confidence Following Bilateral Parietal Lesions

J. S. Simons; P. V. Peers; Y. S. Mazuz; M. E. Berryhill; I. R. Olson

doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp116

Further Evidence That Repeated Checking Leads to Reduced Memory Confidence, Vividness and Detail: New Evidence That Repeated Object Exposure Also Results in Memory Distrust

Behaviour Change ◽

10.1017/bec.2013.16 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 30 (3) ◽

pp. 159-179 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Meredith Medway ◽

Mairwen K. Jones

Keyword(s):

State Anxiety ◽

Control Stimulus ◽

Light Bulb ◽

Memory Accuracy ◽

Equal Degree ◽

Object Use ◽

Post Test ◽

Repeated Use ◽

New Evidence ◽

Memory Confidence

Researchers have suggested that distrust in one's memory is both a cause and a consequence of repeated checking. We investigated whether reduced clarity and confidence occurs to an equal degree with repeated object use and repeated checking. In addition, whether decreased memory confidence persists after a delay in checking or use was examined. Participants (N = 113) either repeatedly checked or repeatedly used a virtual stove or a light bulb stimulus (the control stimulus). Significant declines in memory accuracy, confidence, vividness and detail were observed for the experimental compared to the control stimulus. No significant differences in these effects between the checking and exposure conditions were found. A significant increase in state anxiety across pre-, mid- and post-test was found for both conditions. These findings provide further support for the notion that repeated checking can be self-perpetuating due to its impact on memory processes. The findings also suggest that checking is not necessary for these effects to occur as repeated use without checking also results in significant declines in memory accuracy, confidence, vividness and detail. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.

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Text captioning buffers against the effects of background noise and hearing loss on memory for speech

10.31234/osf.io/59cq8 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Brennan Payne ◽

Jack Silcox ◽

Hannah Crandell ◽

Amanda Lash ◽

Sarah Hargus Ferguson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Hearing Loss ◽

Recognition Memory ◽

Background Noise ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Memory Accuracy ◽

Immediate Recall ◽

Hearing Acuity ◽

Delayed Recognition ◽

Memory Confidence

AbstractObjectives. Everyday speech understanding frequently occurs in perceptually demanding environments, for example due to background noise and normal age-related hearing loss. The resulting degraded speech signals increase listening effort, which gives rise to negative downstream effects on subsequent memory and comprehension, even when speech is intelligible. In two experiments, we explored whether the presentation of realistic assistive text captioned speech offsets the negative effects of background noise and hearing impairment on multiple measures of speech memory.Design. In Experiment 1, young normal hearing adults (N = 48) listened to sentences for immediate recall and delayed recognition memory. Speech was presented in quiet or in two levels of background noise. Sentences were either presented as speech only or as text captioned speech. Thus, the experiment followed a 2 (caption vs no caption) x 3 (no noise, +7 dB SNR, +3 dB SNR) within-subjects design. In Experiment 2, a group of older adults (age range : 61 – 80, N = 31), with varying levels of hearing acuity completed the same experimental task as in Experiment 1. For both experiments, immediate recall, recognition memory accuracy, and recognition memory confidence were analyzed via general(ized) linear mixed effects models. In addition, we examined individual differences as a function of hearing acuity in Experiment 2.Results. In Experiment 1, we found that the presentation of realistic text-captioned speech in young normal-hearing listeners improved immediate recall, delayed recognition memory accuracy, and memory confidence compared to speech alone. Moreover, text captions attenuated the negative effects of background noise on all speech memory outcomes. In Experiment 2, we replicated the same pattern of results in a sample of older adults with varying levels of hearing acuity. Moreover, we showed that the negative effects of hearing loss on speech memory in older adulthood were attenuated by the presentation of text captions.Conclusion. Collectively, these findings suggest that listeners can rapidly integrate text and speech, and that the simultaneous presentation of text can offset the negative effects of effortful listening on speech memory.

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The Relation of Memory Confidence and Memory Accuracy

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e501882009-177 ◽

2000 ◽

Author(s):

William F. Brewer ◽

M. Rose Barlow

Keyword(s):

Memory Accuracy ◽

Memory Confidence

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Variations in the relationship between memory confidence and memory accuracy: The effects of spontaneous accessibility, list length, modality, and complexity.

Psychology of Consciousness Theory Research and Practice ◽

10.1037/cns0000117 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 3-28 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Benedek Kurdi ◽

Alexander J. Diaz ◽

Caroline A. Wilmuth ◽

Michael C. Friedman ◽

Mahzarin R. Banaji

Keyword(s):

List Length ◽

Memory Accuracy ◽

The Relationship ◽

Memory Confidence

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Test Validation Without Measurement

European Journal of Psychological Assessment ◽

10.1027/1015-5759/a000253 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 204-214 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Emilie Lacot ◽

Mohammad H. Afzali ◽

Stéphane Vautier

Keyword(s):

Test Data ◽

Test Scores ◽

Scientific Explanation ◽

Test Validation ◽

Clinical Tests ◽

Ethical Perspective ◽

Power Of Test ◽

Memory Accuracy ◽

Social Uses ◽

Special Case

Abstract. Test validation based on usual statistical analyses is paradoxical, as, from a falsificationist perspective, they do not test that test data are ordinal measurements, and, from the ethical perspective, they do not justify the use of test scores. This paper (i) proposes some basic definitions, where measurement is a special case of scientific explanation; starting from the examples of memory accuracy and suicidality as scored by two widely used clinical tests/questionnaires. Moreover, it shows (ii) how to elicit the logic of the observable test events underlying the test scores, and (iii) how the measurability of the target theoretical quantities – memory accuracy and suicidality – can and should be tested at the respondent scale as opposed to the scale of aggregates of respondents. (iv) Criterion-related validity is revisited to stress that invoking the explanative power of test data should draw attention on counterexamples instead of statistical summarization. (v) Finally, it is argued that the justification of the use of test scores in specific settings should be part of the test validation task, because, as tests specialists, psychologists are responsible for proposing their tests for social uses.

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