Variations in the relationship between memory confidence and memory accuracy: The effects of spontaneous accessibility, list length, modality, and complexity.

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedek Kurdi ◽  
Alexander J. Diaz ◽  
Caroline A. Wilmuth ◽  
Michael C. Friedman ◽  
Mahzarin R. Banaji
Keyword(s):  
List Length ◽  
Memory Accuracy ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Memory Confidence

Further Evidence That Repeated Checking Leads to Reduced Memory Confidence, Vividness and Detail: New Evidence That Repeated Object Exposure Also Results in Memory Distrust

2013 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meredith Medway ◽  
Mairwen K. Jones
Keyword(s):  
State Anxiety ◽  
Control Stimulus ◽  
Light Bulb ◽  
Memory Accuracy ◽  
Equal Degree ◽  
Object Use ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Repeated Use ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Memory Confidence

Researchers have suggested that distrust in one's memory is both a cause and a consequence of repeated checking. We investigated whether reduced clarity and confidence occurs to an equal degree with repeated object use and repeated checking. In addition, whether decreased memory confidence persists after a delay in checking or use was examined. Participants (N = 113) either repeatedly checked or repeatedly used a virtual stove or a light bulb stimulus (the control stimulus). Significant declines in memory accuracy, confidence, vividness and detail were observed for the experimental compared to the control stimulus. No significant differences in these effects between the checking and exposure conditions were found. A significant increase in state anxiety across pre-, mid- and post-test was found for both conditions. These findings provide further support for the notion that repeated checking can be self-perpetuating due to its impact on memory processes. The findings also suggest that checking is not necessary for these effects to occur as repeated use without checking also results in significant declines in memory accuracy, confidence, vividness and detail. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.

scholarly journals Text captioning buffers against the effects of background noise and hearing loss on memory for speech

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brennan Payne ◽  
Jack Silcox ◽  
Hannah Crandell ◽  
Amanda Lash ◽  
Sarah Hargus Ferguson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Background Noise ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Memory Accuracy ◽  
Immediate Recall ◽  
Hearing Acuity ◽  
Delayed Recognition ◽  
Memory Confidence

AbstractObjectives. Everyday speech understanding frequently occurs in perceptually demanding environments, for example due to background noise and normal age-related hearing loss. The resulting degraded speech signals increase listening effort, which gives rise to negative downstream effects on subsequent memory and comprehension, even when speech is intelligible. In two experiments, we explored whether the presentation of realistic assistive text captioned speech offsets the negative effects of background noise and hearing impairment on multiple measures of speech memory.Design. In Experiment 1, young normal hearing adults (N = 48) listened to sentences for immediate recall and delayed recognition memory. Speech was presented in quiet or in two levels of background noise. Sentences were either presented as speech only or as text captioned speech. Thus, the experiment followed a 2 (caption vs no caption) x 3 (no noise, +7 dB SNR, +3 dB SNR) within-subjects design. In Experiment 2, a group of older adults (age range : 61 – 80, N = 31), with varying levels of hearing acuity completed the same experimental task as in Experiment 1. For both experiments, immediate recall, recognition memory accuracy, and recognition memory confidence were analyzed via general(ized) linear mixed effects models. In addition, we examined individual differences as a function of hearing acuity in Experiment 2.Results. In Experiment 1, we found that the presentation of realistic text-captioned speech in young normal-hearing listeners improved immediate recall, delayed recognition memory accuracy, and memory confidence compared to speech alone. Moreover, text captions attenuated the negative effects of background noise on all speech memory outcomes. In Experiment 2, we replicated the same pattern of results in a sample of older adults with varying levels of hearing acuity. Moreover, we showed that the negative effects of hearing loss on speech memory in older adulthood were attenuated by the presentation of text captions.Conclusion. Collectively, these findings suggest that listeners can rapidly integrate text and speech, and that the simultaneous presentation of text can offset the negative effects of effortful listening on speech memory.

scholarly journals I Blame Therefore It Was: Rape Myth Acceptance, Victim Blaming, and Memory Reconstruction

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 1269-1282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rael J. Dawtry ◽  
Philip J. Cozzolino ◽  
Mitchell J. Callan
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Rape Myth Acceptance ◽  
Rape Myth ◽  
Victim Blaming ◽  
Causal Order ◽  
Reconstruction Process ◽  
Memory Accuracy ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Myth Acceptance

We examined the causal order of relationships between rape myth acceptance (RMA), victim blaming, and memory reconstruction. In Study 1, RMA-congruent memory (or alternatively, victim blaming) mediated the relationship between RMA and victim blaming (memory reconstruction). In Study 2, similar relationships emerged between RMA, victim blaming, and memory reconstruction. Although no mediation of RMA occurred in Study 2 independently, a mini meta-analysis of Studies 1 and 2 data replicated both patterns of mediation observed in Study 1. In Study 3, memory accuracy for neutral details of a rape scenario was unrelated to RMA. Manipulating memory to be more (vs. less) RMA congruent had no effect on victim blaming (Study 4), although manipulating perceived victim blameworthiness (Studies 5 and 6) produced RMA-congruent memory reconstruction when the victim was more (vs. less) blameworthy. The results suggest that, via victim blaming, RMA motivates a memory reconstruction process that explains and justifies victim blaming after the fact.

Interruptions Reduce Performance across All Levels of Signal Detection When Estimations of Confidence are Highest

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 254-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Aguiar ◽  
Kevin Zish ◽  
J. Malcolm McCurry ◽  
J. Gregory Trafton
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Response Behavior ◽  
Memory Accuracy ◽  
The Relationship

When people are highly confident in their memory of a particular event, it is likely that the accuracy of that memory is also high. However, research has shown that the relationship between confidence and memory accuracy changes under certain circumstances. Interruptions, for instance, have been shown to change this relationship (Zish, Hassanzadeh, McMurry, & Trafton, 2015). The present study sought to determine the response behavior associated with this change. Results indicated that the change in the relationship between memory and confidence is characterized by a decrease in the rate of hits and an increase in the rate of false alarms. Thus, interruptions disrupt the relationship between memory and confidence by reducing sensitivity across all levels of signal detection.

scholarly journals Dissociation Between Memory Accuracy and Memory Confidence Following Bilateral Parietal Lesions

2009 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 479-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Simons ◽  
P. V. Peers ◽  
Y. S. Mazuz ◽  
M. E. Berryhill ◽  
I. R. Olson
Keyword(s):  
Memory Accuracy ◽  
Memory Confidence

scholarly journals Does Alexithymia Affect Memory for a Crime? The Relationship Between Alexithymia, Executive Functions, and Memories

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabiana Battista ◽  
Tiziana Lanciano ◽  
Antonietta Curci
Keyword(s):  
Violent Crime ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Video Presentation ◽  
Legal Professionals ◽  
Memory Accuracy ◽  
Memory Functioning ◽  
New Information ◽  
Memory Distortions ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Levels

Prior studies on alexithymia and memory have found a negative association between the two constructs, especially when emotional memories are considered. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that also the executive functioning (EF) of the individuals influences this relationship. Thus, the goal of this study is to verify whether alexithymia can influence the memory accuracy for a violent crime in people with different levels of EF resources in terms of both correct details and memory distortions (i.e., omissions and commissions) reported. We assessed the alexithymia and EF resources of individuals and showed participants a video of a violent crime (i.e., murder). We then asked participants to testify about the content of the video by imagining to be witnesses of the crime. A memory test was run on two moments in time: immediately after the video presentation and after 10 days. Findings demonstrated that alexithymia influences the recall of the event both in proneness to report correct details and memory distortions of the participants (i.e., omissions and commissions). Additionally, we found a contribution of EF resources in this relationship. The findings provide new information for legal professionals on memory functioning.

Explaining “Memory Free” Reasoning

1992 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 332-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.J. Brainerd ◽  
V.F. Reyna
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Intuitive Reasoning ◽  
Trace Theory ◽  
Fuzzy Trace Theory ◽  
Memory Accuracy ◽  
The Relationship

Cognitive theorists generally assume that reasoning depends on memory; accurate reasoning requires access to critical informational inputs. Although memory dependency seems self-evidently true, it has been disconfirmed in recent studies of children's logical, mathematical, and pragmatic inferences. These studies have led to a new account of cognitive development, fuzzy-trace theory, that stresses the unfolding of gist-driven intuitive reasoning processes, and that reformulates traditional conceptions of the relationship between verbatim and gist memories. Fuzzy-trace theory also identifies circumstances in which reasoning accuracy depends on memory accuracy.

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