scholarly journals Painful stimuli evoke different stimulus–response functions in the amygdala, prefrontal, insula and somatosensory cortex: a single‐trial fMRI study

Brain ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 125 (6) ◽  
pp. 1326-1336 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Bornhövd ◽  
M. Quante ◽  
V. Glauche ◽  
B. Bromm ◽  
C. Weiller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatosensory Cortex ◽  
Response Functions ◽  
Single Trial ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Fmri Study

scholarly journals Simulation and social behavior: an fMRI study of neural processing during simulation in individuals with and without risk for psychosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-174
Author(s):  
Sarah Hope Lincoln ◽  
Laura T Germine ◽  
Patrick Mair ◽  
Christine I Hooker
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Somatosensory Cortex ◽  
Internal Representation ◽  
Mental Simulation ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Risk Indicator ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Social Ability ◽  
Fmri Study

Abstract Social dysfunction is a risk indicator for schizophrenia spectrum disorders, with at-risk individuals demonstrating a range of social behavior impairments. Variability in social ability may be explained by individual differences in the psychological processes of social behavior. In particular, mental simulation, the process by which an individual generates an internal representation of the thoughts or feelings of another, may explain variation in social behavior. This study investigates the neural process of simulation in healthy individuals and individuals at risk for psychosis. Using a novel fMRI pain paradigm, individuals watch videos of another person’s hand or foot experiencing pain. After each video, individuals are asked to simulate the observed painful situation on their own hand or foot. Neural activity during simulation in the somatosensory cortex was associated with real-world self-reported social behavior, such that a stronger neural response in the somatosensory cortex was associated with greater rates of positive social experiences and affective empathy across all participants. These findings suggest that the neural mechanisms that underlie simulation are important for social behavior, and may explain individual variability in social functioning in healthy and at-risk populations.

Opioid modulation of ferret vagal afferent mechanosensitivity

2008 ◽  
Vol 294 (4) ◽  
pp. G963-G970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda J. Page ◽  
Tracey A. O'Donnell ◽  
L. Ashley Blackshaw
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Nerve ◽  
Vagal Afferents ◽  
Nerve Endings ◽  
Response Functions ◽  
Visceral Sensation ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Selective Agonists ◽  
Vagal Afferent ◽  
A Minor

Despite universal use of opioids in the clinic to inhibit pain, there is relatively little known of their peripheral actions on sensory nerve endings, where in fact they may be better targeted with more widespread applications. Here we show differential effects of μ-, κ-, and δ-opioids on mechanosensitive ferret esophageal vagal afferent endings investigated in vitro. The effects of selective agonists [d-Ala2,N-Me-Phe4,Gly-ol5]-enkephalin (DAMGO), 2-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)- N-methyl- N-[(1S)-1phenyl-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl) ethyl] acetamide hydrochlorine (ICI 199441), and (+)-4-[(αR)-α-((2S,5R)-4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl]- N, N-diethylbenzamide (SNC-80), respectively, on mechanosensory stimulus-response functions were quantified. DAMGO (10−7 to 10−5 M) reduced the responses of tension receptors to circumferential tension (1–5 g) by up to 50%, and the responses of mucosal receptors to mucosal stroking (10–1,000 mg von Frey hair) by >50%. DAMGO effects were reversed by naloxone (10−5 M). Tension/mucosal (TM) receptor responses to tension and stroking were unaffected by DAMGO. ICI 199441 (10−6 to 10−5 M) potently inhibited all responses except TM receptor responses to tension, and SNC-80 (10−5 to 10−3 M) had no effect other than a minor inhibition of mucosal receptor responses to intense stimuli at 10−3 M. We conclude that μ- and κ-opioids have potent and selective peripheral effects on esophageal vagal afferents that may have applications in treatment of disorders of visceral sensation.

scholarly journals Neural Priming in Human Frontal Cortex: Multiple Forms of Learning Reduce Demands on the Prefrontal Executive System

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 1766-1781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Race ◽  
Shanti Shanker ◽  
Anthony D. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Multiple Forms ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
The Past ◽  
Repetition Suppression ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Human Frontal Cortex ◽  
Executive System ◽  
Stimulus Classification

Past experience is hypothesized to reduce computational demands in PFC by providing bottom–up predictive information that informs subsequent stimulus-action mapping. The present fMRI study measured cortical activity reductions (“neural priming”/“repetition suppression”) during repeated stimulus classification to investigate the mechanisms through which learning from the past decreases demands on the prefrontal executive system. Manipulation of learning at three levels of representation—stimulus, decision, and response—revealed dissociable neural priming effects in distinct frontotemporal regions, supporting a multiprocess model of neural priming. Critically, three distinct patterns of neural priming were identified in lateral frontal cortex, indicating that frontal computational demands are reduced by three forms of learning: (a) cortical tuning of stimulus-specific representations, (b) retrieval of learned stimulus-decision mappings, and (c) retrieval of learned stimulus-response mappings. The topographic distribution of these neural priming effects suggests a rostrocaudal organization of executive function in lateral frontal cortex.

scholarly journals Time-Dependent Changes in Learning Audiovisual Associations: A Single-Trial fMRI Study

NeuroImage ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Désirée Gonzalo ◽  
Tim Shallice ◽  
Raymond Dolan
Keyword(s):  
Time Dependent ◽  
Single Trial ◽  
Fmri Study
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