Tick Repellents for Human Use: Prevention of Tick Bites and Tick-Borne Diseases

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric Pages ◽  
Hans Dautel ◽  
Gérard Duvallet ◽  
Olaf Kahl ◽  
Ludovic de Gentile ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tick Bites ◽  
Human Use ◽  
Tick Repellents

Treatment of Lyme Borreliosis

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 176-179
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Lyme Disease ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Tick Bites ◽  
Ixodes Pacificus ◽  
The West ◽  
Infected Tick ◽  
Exposed Skin ◽  
Tick Attachment ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
Tick Repellents

The increasing number of cases of Lyme disease has resulted in frequent questions about the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of this disease. The following information and guidelines may be helpful. EPIDEMIOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS Lyme disease is caused by infection with the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. The organism is carried by a small tick, usually nymphal Ixodes dammini on the East Coast and Ixodes pacificus in the West. The disease is clustered in specific areas, with most cases reported in the Northeast, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and California. For patients who do not live in or have not traveled in those areas, the chances of acquiring Lyme disease are very small. However, at least some endemic cases have been reported from 46 states and Canada. Dogs can be infected with this spirochete and can develop symptoms of arthritis. PREVENTION Tick bites can be decreased by wearing clothing with long sleeves and long pants. Permethrin sprayed on clothing is effective in decreasing tick attachment. Tick repellents such as DEET are effective, but they require repeated application every 1 to 2 hours,1 and they have some negative side effects. For example, seizures have been reported coincidently with the application of DEET.2 If used, DEET should be applied sparingly only to exposed skin and should not be used on children's faces or hands. It should not be applied to irritated or abraded skin and should be washed off after coming indoors. Daily inspection and prompt removal of ticks should help prevent infection because prolonged attachment appears to be required for an infected tick to transmit spirochetes.

STUDY OF POND STATUS IN INDIA : A REVIEW

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
V.K. YADAV ◽  
SONAM SHARMA ◽  
A.K. SRIVASTAVA ◽  
P.K. KHARE
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Habitat Destruction ◽  
Conservation Strategy ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Human Use ◽  
Over Exploitation

Ponds are an important fresh water critical ecosystem for plants and animals providing goods and services including food, fodder, fish, irrigation, hydrological cycle, shelter, medicine, culture, aesthetic and recreation. Ponds cover less than 2 percent of worlds land surface. Ponds are important source of fresh water for human use. These are threatened by urbanization, industrialization, over exploitation, fragmentation, habitat destruction, pollution, illegal capturing of land and climate changes. These above factors have been destroying ponds very rapidly putting them in danger of extinction of a great number of local biodiversity. It is necessary to formulate a correct conservation strategy for pond restoration in order to meet the growing needs of fresh water by increasing the human population. Some measures have been compiled and proposed in the present review.

The Hebridean Blackhouse on the Isle of Barra

2000 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
KEITH BRANIGAN ◽  
COLIN MERRONY
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Internal Space ◽  
Use Of Space ◽  
Large Families ◽  
Human Use

The Hebridean blackhouse is a well-known part of the eighteenth and nineteenth century landscape of the Western Isles, described by numerous early travellers and preserved for posterity at Arnol in Lewis. Survey and excavation of blackhouses on the Isle of Barra, however, suggests that here at least, the majority of blackhouses did not conform to the 'norm' of a long building with accommodation shared by animals and humans. Despite the large families of the Catholic population of Barra, the houses are shorter and provide less internal space than blackhouses further north in the island chain. Animals were more often housed in separate byres. Similarly, the human use of space in the Barra blackhouses shows some variations from the pattern described by nineteenth century sources. As to the origins of the blackhouse, unexcavated sites on Barra suggest two possible future routes of enquiry.

SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN TOXICITY TESTING OF LONG ACTING DEPOT CONTRACEPTIVES

1974 ◽  
Vol 77 (1_Suppla) ◽  
pp. S315-S354 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Neumann ◽  
R. von Berswordt-Wallrabe ◽  
W. Elger ◽  
K.-J. Gräf ◽  
S. H. Hasan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Effects ◽  
Histological Finding ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Prolactin Secretion ◽  
List Type ◽  
Human Species ◽  
Prolactin Plasma Level ◽  
Human Use ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
Reproductive Processes

ABSTRACT Two types of so-called "depot contraceptives", long-acting steroids which are of interest for human use, were studied in animals. Norethisterone oenanthate, mainly gestagenic in the human and other species, turned out to be predominantly oestrogenic in rats. This oestrogenicity caused indirectly, via an enhanced hypophysial prolactin secretion, the well-known hypophysial and mammary tumours in rats. Another synthetic gestagen, 4,6-dichloro- 17- acetoxy- 16α-methyl-4,6-pregnadiene-3,20-dione, which might be considered in its biological actions similar to preparations containing chlormadinone acetate or medroxy-progesterone acetate, induced no signs of oestrogenicity in dogs. It is surmised that its gestagenic influence indirectly, and probaby, via an enhanced hypophysial prolactin secretion caused "mammary nodules" in this "non-rodent" species. These studies have born out mainly two facts: A synthetic steroid, norethisterone oenanthate, exerted different biological effects in different species: it was a gestagen in the rabbit, whereas in rats, its predominant influence was oestrogenic. The hypophysial prolactin secretion was enhanced in various species by different mechanisms: in rats, the oestrogenicity caused an increased prolactin plasma level, whereas in dogs, a gestagen with obviously no inherent oestrogenicity, 4,6-dichloro-17-acetoxy-16α-methyl-4,6-pregnadiene-3,20-dione, converted the histological appearance of the anterior pituitary into a condition with a greatly increased number of eosinophils. This histological finding was interpreted as an indicator for a hypersecretion of prolactin. Hence, animal work with "gestagens" has only limited predictive value with respect to their possible effects in the human species. Therefore, inflexible recommendations are not helpful in solving the safety problem of long-acting steroids which affect primarily reproductive processes.

SATOUMI APPROACH FOR REALIZING SUSTAINABLE COASTAL USE IN A RIASTYPE BAY: A CASE OF SHIZUGAWA BAY IN SANRIKU COAST HIT BY THE HUGE TSUNAMI ON 11 MARCH 2011

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teruhisa Komatsu ◽  
Teruhisa Komatsu ◽  
Shuji Sasa ◽  
Shuji Sasa ◽  
Shigeru Montani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Minor Element ◽  
Coupling Model ◽  
Sanriku Coast ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Biological Coupling ◽  
Miyagi Prefecture ◽  
Human Use ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Aquaculture Facilities

Rias-type bays are one of the most common coasts in Japan where aquacultures have been active due to sheltered geological shape with a deep bottom. The huge tsunami hit Sanriku Coast consisting of open rias-type bays near the epicenter facing Pacific Ocean on 11 March 2011. For recovering Sanriku Coast, it is important to include sustainability in its program. Satoumi is defined as the human use and management of coastal seas for high productivity while maintaining high biodiversity. Therefore, we proposed Satoumi approach to an open rias-type bay, Shizugawa Bay, in southern Sanriku Coast. We conducted scientific researches on mapping of coastal habitats and aquaculture facilities, hydrography, and material flows of nutrients, a minor element (Fe) and organic matters in the bay including those from the rivers and from the offshore waters. At the same time, Committee for Shizugawa Bay Management of Fishermen’s Cooperative of Miyagi Prefecture decided to decrease in aquaculture facilities for sustainable development of aquaculture. Based on these data, a physical-biological coupling model was used for calculating the number of aquaculture facilities that are suitable not only for yields but also for environments. These researches were established on strong collaborations among a fishermen’s’ cooperative, local governments and scientists. Results of this practice may help to realize sustainable coastal use of a rias-type bay.

The Effect of Aircrew Age on +Gz Tolerance as Measured in a Human-Use Centrifuge

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Estrella M. Forster ◽  
Barry Shender ◽  
Estrella C. deForster
Keyword(s):  
Human Use
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