A Clinician Guide to Altitude Training for Optimal Endurance Exercise Performance at Sea Level

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keren Constantini ◽  
Daniel P. Wilhite ◽  
Robert F. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Altitude Training

scholarly journals Acetazolamide does not alter endurance exercise performance at 3,500-m altitude

2020 ◽  
Vol 128 (2) ◽  
pp. 390-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karleigh E. Bradbury ◽  
Beau R. Yurkevicius ◽  
Katherine M. Mitchell ◽  
Kirsten E. Coffman ◽  
Roy M. Salgado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Acute Mountain Sickness ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Hypoxic Environment ◽  
The Impact

Acetazolamide (AZ) is a medication commonly used to prevent acute mountain sickness (AMS) during rapid ascent to high altitude. However, it is unclear whether AZ use impairs exercise performance; previous literature regarding this topic is equivocal. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of AZ on time-trial (TT) performance during a 30-h exposure to hypobaric hypoxia equivalent to 3,500-m altitude. Ten men [sea-level peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak): 50.8 ± 6.5 mL·kg−1·min−1; body fat %: 20.6 ± 5.2%] completed 2 30-h exposures at 3,500 m. In a crossover study design, subjects were given 500 mg/day of either AZ or a placebo. Exercise testing was completed 2 h and 24 h after ascent and consisted of 15-min steady-state treadmill walking at 40%–45% sea-level VO2peak, followed by a 2-mile self-paced treadmill TT. AMS was assessed after ~12 h and 22 h at 3,500 m. The incidence of AMS decreased from 40% with placebo to 0% with AZ. Oxygen saturation was higher ( P < 0.05) in AZ versus placebo trials at the end of the TT after 2 h (85 ± 3% vs. 79 ± 3%) and 24 h (86 ± 3% vs. 81 ± 4%). There was no difference in time to complete 2 miles between AZ and PL after 2 h (20.7 ± 3.2 vs. 22.7 ± 5.0 min, P > 0.05) or 24 h (21.5 ± 3.4 vs. 21.1 ± 2.9 min, P > 0.05) of exposure to altitude. Our results suggest that AZ (500 mg/day) does not negatively impact endurance exercise performance at 3,500 m. NEW & NOTEWORTHY To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the impact of acetazolamide (500 mg/day) versus placebo on self-paced, peak-effort exercise performance using a short-duration exercise test in a hypobaric hypoxic environment with a repeated-measures design. In the present study, acetazolamide did not impact exercise performance after 2-h or 24-h exposure to 3,500-m simulated altitude.

scholarly journals Effect of Training at Altitude

1997 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-29
Author(s):  
Pak Kwong CHUNG
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Lower Pressure ◽  
Altitude Training ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Air Resistance ◽  
Physiologic Responses

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.In 1968, when the Summer Olympic Games were scheduled to be held in Mexico City, at an altitude of 2,300 meters above sea level, considerable attention was directed at the questions of how altitude would affect exercise performance. During the preparation for the Mexico City Olympics, many concerns existed about the possible beneficial effects of the lower pressure and air resistance at the altitude for events involving speed and power; and the possible detrimental effects of the reduced oxygen at the altitude for the endurance events. What are the acute physiologic responses to altitude? Can altitude training improve endurance performance at sea level? All such questions would be explored in this article.

Altitude Training in Elite Swimmers for Sea Level Performance (Altitude Project)

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (9) ◽  
pp. 1965-1978 ◽  
Author(s):  
FERRAN A. RODRÍGUEZ ◽  
XAVIER IGLESIAS ◽  
BELÉN FERICHE ◽  
CARMEN CALDERÓN-SOTO ◽  
DIEGO CHAVERRI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Altitude Training ◽  
Elite Swimmers ◽  
Level Performance

Individual variation in response to altitude training

1998 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 1448-1456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Chapman ◽  
James Stray-Gundersen ◽  
Benjamin D. Levine
Keyword(s):  
Cell Volume ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Training Model ◽  
Individual Response ◽  
Altitude Training ◽  
Moderate Altitude ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Red Cell Volume ◽  
The Individual

Moderate-altitude living (2,500 m), combined with low-altitude training (1,250 m) (i.e., live high-train low), results in a significantly greater improvement in maximal O2 uptake (V˙o 2 max) and performance over equivalent sea-level training. Although the mean improvement in group response with this “high-low” training model is clear, the individual response displays a wide variability. To determine the factors that contribute to this variability, 39 collegiate runners (27 men, 12 women) were retrospectively divided into responders ( n = 17) and nonresponders ( n = 15) to altitude training on the basis of the change in sea-level 5,000-m run time determined before and after 28 days of living at moderate altitude and training at either low or moderate altitude. In addition, 22 elite runners were examined prospectively to confirm the significance of these factors in a separate population. In the retrospective analysis, responders displayed a significantly larger increase in erythropoietin (Epo) concentration after 30 h at altitude compared with nonresponders. After 14 days at altitude, Epo was still elevated in responders but was not significantly different from sea-level values in nonresponders. The Epo response led to a significant increase in total red cell volume andV˙o 2 max in responders; in contrast, nonresponders did not show a difference in total red cell volume or V˙o 2 maxafter altitude training. Nonresponders demonstrated a significant slowing of interval-training velocity at altitude and thus achieved a smaller O2 consumption during those intervals, compared with responders. The acute increases in Epo and V˙o 2 maxwere significantly higher in the prospective cohort of responders, compared with nonresponders, to altitude training. In conclusion, after a 28-day altitude training camp, a significant improvement in 5,000-m run performance is, in part, dependent on 1) living at a high enough altitude to achieve a large acute increase in Epo, sufficient to increase the total red cell volume andV˙o 2 max, and 2) training at a low enough altitude to maintain interval training velocity and O2 flux near sea-level values.

scholarly journals Acute Exposure to Normobaric Hypoxia Impairs Balance Performance in Sub-elite but Not Elite Basketball Players

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haris Pojskić ◽  
Helen G. Hanstock ◽  
Tsz-Hin Tang ◽  
Lara Rodríguez-Zamora
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Normobaric Hypoxia ◽  
Acute Exposure ◽  
Hypoxic Exposure ◽  
Altitude Training ◽  
Balance Performance ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Peripheral Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Elite Group ◽  
Over Time

Although high and simulated altitude training has become an increasingly popular training method, no study has investigated the influence of acute hypoxic exposure on balance in team-sport athletes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether acute exposure to normobaric hypoxia is detrimental to balance performance in highly-trained basketball players. Nine elite and nine sub-elite male basketball players participated in a randomized, single-blinded, cross-over study. Subjects performed repeated trials of a single-leg balance test (SLBT) in an altitude chamber in normoxia (NOR; approximately sea level) with FiO2 20.9% and PiO2 ranging from 146.7 to 150.4 mmHg and in normobaric hypoxia (HYP; ~3,800 m above sea level) with FiO2 13.0% and PiO2 ranging from 90.9 to 94.6 mmHg. The SLBT was performed three times: 15 min after entering the environmental chamber in NOR or HYP, then two times more interspersed by 3-min rest. Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) and heart rate (HR) were recorded at four time points: after the initial 15-min rest inside the chamber and immediately after each SLBT. Across the cohort, the balance performance was 7.1% better during NOR than HYP (P &lt; 0.01, ηp2 = 0.58). However, the performance of the elite group was not impaired by HYP, whereas the sub-elite group performed worse in the HYP condition on both legs (DL: P = 0.02, d = 1.23; NDL: P = 0.01, d = 1.43). SpO2 was lower in HYP than NOR (P &lt; 0.001, ηp2 = 0.99) with a significant decline over time during HYP. HR was higher in HYP than NOR (P = 0.04, ηp2 = 0.25) with a significant increase over time. Acute exposure to normobaric hypoxia detrimentally affected the balance performance in sub-elite but not elite basketball players.

scholarly journals Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Endurance Exercise Training Protocols for Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. Massett ◽  
Caitlyn Matejka ◽  
Hyoseon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Biochemical Markers ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Subgroup Differences ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training ◽  
Training Protocol

Inbred and genetically modified mice are frequently used to investigate the molecular mechanisms responsible for the beneficial adaptations to exercise training. However, published paradigms for exercise training in mice are variable, making comparisons across studies for training efficacy difficult. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to characterize the diversity across published treadmill-based endurance exercise training protocols for mice and to identify training protocol parameters that moderate the adaptations to endurance exercise training in mice. Published studies were retrieved from PubMed and EMBASE and reviewed for the following inclusion criteria: inbred mice; inclusion of a sedentary group; and exercise training using a motorized treadmill. Fifty-eight articles met those inclusion criteria and also included a “classical” marker of training efficacy. Outcome measures included changes in exercise performance, V˙O2max, skeletal muscle oxidative enzyme activity, blood lactate levels, or exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy. The majority of studies were conducted using male mice. Approximately 48% of studies included all information regarding exercise training protocol parameters. Meta-analysis was performed using 105 distinct training groups (i.e., EX-SED pairs). Exercise training had a significant effect on training outcomes, but with high heterogeneity (Hedges’ g=1.70, 95% CI=1.47–1.94, Tau2=1.14, I2=80.4%, prediction interval=−0.43–3.84). Heterogeneity was partially explained by subgroup differences in treadmill incline, training duration, exercise performance test type, and outcome variable. Subsequent analyses were performed on subsets of studies based on training outcome, exercise performance, or biochemical markers. Exercise training significantly improved performance outcomes (Hedges’ g=1.85, 95% CI=1.55–2.15). Subgroup differences were observed for treadmill incline, training duration, and exercise performance test protocol on improvements in performance. Biochemical markers also changed significantly with training (Hedges’ g=1.62, 95% CI=1.14–2.11). Subgroup differences were observed for strain, sex, exercise session time, and training duration. These results demonstrate there is a high degree of heterogeneity across exercise training studies in mice. Training duration had the most significant impact on training outcome. However, the magnitude of the effect of exercise training varies based on the marker used to assess training efficacy.

Muscle Afferent Blockade Improves Endurance Exercise Performance When O2 Transport To Locomotor Muscles Is Pre- served

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (5S) ◽  
pp. 849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Hureau ◽  
Joshua C. Weavil ◽  
Taylor S. Thurston ◽  
Hsuan-Yu Wan ◽  
Jayson R. Gifford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
O2 Transport ◽  
Muscle Afferent ◽  
Locomotor Muscles

scholarly journals A Ketone Ester Drink Enhances Endurance Exercise Performance in Parkinson’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas G. Norwitz ◽  
David J. Dearlove ◽  
Meng Lu ◽  
Kieran Clarke ◽  
Helen Dawes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Ketone Ester
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