Synergistic Effects and Physiological Responses of Selected Bacterial Isolates from Animal Feed to Four Natural Antimicrobials and Two Antibiotics

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1055-1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
DongLai Zhang ◽  
HuiPing Hu ◽  
QinXiong Rao ◽  
ZhiHui Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Natural Antimicrobials

scholarly journals Influence of First-Line Antibiotics on the Antibacterial Activities of Acetone Stem Bark Extract ofAcacia mearnsiiDe Wild. against Drug-Resistant Bacterial Isolates

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olufunmiso O. Olajuyigbe ◽  
Roger M. Coopoosamy
Keyword(s):  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Drug Combinations ◽  
Acetone Extract ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Agar Diffusion

Background.This study was aimed at evaluating the antibacterial activity of the acetone extract ofA. mearnsiiand its interactions with antibiotics against some resistant bacterial strains.Methods.The antibacterial susceptibility testing was determined by agar diffusion and macrobroth dilution methods while the checkerboard method was used for the determination of synergy between the antibiotics and the extract.Results.The results showed that the susceptibility of the different bacterial isolates was concentration dependent for the extract and the different antibiotics. With the exception ofS. marcescens, the inhibition zones of the extract produced by 20 mg/mL ranged between 18 and 32 mm. While metronidazole did not inhibit any of the bacterial isolates, all the antibiotics and their combinations, except for ciprofloxacin and its combination, did not inhibitEnterococcus faecalis. The antibacterial combinations were more of being antagonistic than of being synergistic in the agar diffusion assay. From the macrobroth dilution, the extract and the antibiotics exerted a varied degree of inhibitory effect on the test organisms. The MIC values of the acetone extract which are in mg/mL are lower than those of the different antibiotics which are inμg/mL. From the checkerboard assay, the antibacterial combinations showed varied degrees of interactions including synergism, additive, indifference, and antagonism interactions. While antagonistic and additive interactions were 14.44%, indifference interaction was 22.22% and synergistic interaction was 37.78% of the antibacterial combinations against the test isolates. While the additivity/indifference interactions indicated no interactions, the antagonistic interaction may be considered as a negative interaction that could result in toxicity and suboptimal bioactivity.Conclusion.The synergistic effects of the herbal-drug combinations may be harnessed for the discovery and development of more rational evidence-based drug combinations with optimized efficiency in the prevention of multidrug resistance and therapy of multifactorial diseases.

Mycotoxins in silage: checkpoints for effective management and control

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 603-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Dell’Orto ◽  
G. Baldi ◽  
F. Cheli
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
And Control

Silage has a substantial role in ruminant nutrition. Silages as a source of mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins merit attention. Fungal growth and mycotoxin production before and during storage are a well-known phenomenon, resulting in reduced nutritional value and a possible risk factor for animal health. Mycotoxin co-contamination seems to be unavoidable under current agricultural and silage-making practices. Multi-mycotoxin contamination in silages is of particular concern due to the potential additive or synergistic effects on animals. In regard to managing the challenge of mycotoxins in silages, there are many factors with pre- and post-harvest origins to take into account. Pre-harvest events are predominantly dictated by environmental factors, whereas post-harvest events can be largely controlled by the farmer. An effective mycotoxin management and control programme should be integrated and personalised to each farm at an integrative level throughout the silage production chain. Growing crops in the field, silage making practices, and the feed out phase must be considered. Economical and straightforward silage testing is critical to reach a quick and sufficiently accurate diagnosis of silage quality, which allows for ‘in field decision-making’ with regard to the rapid diagnosis of the quality of given forage for its safe use as animal feed. Regular sampling and testing of silage allow picking up any variations in mycotoxin contamination. The use of rapid methods in the field represents future challenges. Moreover, a proper nutritional intervention needs to be considered to manage mycotoxin-contaminated silages. At farm level, animals are more often exposed to moderate amounts of several mycotoxins rather than to high levels of a single mycotoxin, resulting more frequently in non-specific digestive and health status impairment. Effective dietary strategies to promote rumen health, coupled with the administration of effective and broad-spectrum mycotoxin detoxifiers, are essential to minimise the negative impact of mycotoxins.

scholarly journals In vitro bacteriostatic activity of Origanum vulgare, Cymbopogon citratus, and Lippia alba essential oils in cat food bacterial isolates

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (6Supl2) ◽  
pp. 3107
Author(s):  
Monique Catarine Fischer Possamai ◽  
Isabela Carvalho dos Santos ◽  
Eloísa Schneider Silva ◽  
Zilda Cristiani Gazim ◽  
José Eduardo Gonçalves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Bacteriostatic Activity ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Cymbopogon Citratus ◽  
Origanum Vulgare ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Lippia Alba

The pet industry is currently expanding and specializing mainly in the field of domestic felines. Problems related to antimicrobial resistance are frequent, and the use of essential oils (EOs) in animal feed has become a novel treatment strategy. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the bacteriostatic activity of Brazilian lemon balm (Lippia alba), lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus), and oregano (Origanum vulgare) in bacterial isolates from 12 samples of cat food sold in bulk. The EOs from fresh leaves of crops were obtained from the Medicinal Garden of Paranaense University, Umuarama, Paraná. Cat food samples were processed for identification of gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. The determination of the bacteriostatic activity of the EOs was performed by determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at dilutions of 2.5, 1.25, and 0.62 mg/mL. The diffusion disc technique was used to evaluate the resistance profile to the main antimicrobials used in the feline clinic and to analyze the effect of the association of these antimicrobials with the EOs studied. A total of 23 isolates were obtained, of which 16 were gram-negative and seven were gram-positive. As for the oil composition for L. alba, C. citratus, and O. vulgare, 40, 24, and 44 compounds were identified, respectively, with the major ones being geranial, geranial/?-citral, and carvacrol, respectively. Regarding MIC, no differences were found for any EOs tested. The lowest MIC value was obtained for the C. citratus EO (0.83 mg/mL) for two bacteria (coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium kutscheri). The means of the inhibition halos for the 10 antimicrobials tested in association or not with one of the EOs for Klebsiella aerogenes, Proteus vulgaris, and Serratia rubidaea showed that, for S. rubidaea, the inhibition halo diameter (12.4 mm) was greater (p < 0.05) when amoxicillin was associated with the O. vulgare EO than the association of the same antibiotic with the C. citratus EO (11.0 mm). For K. aerogenes and P. vulgaris, there was no difference in inhibition halo diameter when EOs were included. In conclusion, L. alba, C. citratus, and O. vulgare EOs are effective in inhibiting the growth of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and can be added to cat food to replace chemical antimicrobials.

scholarly journals Inactivation of Clostridium difficile spore outgrowth by synergistic effects of nisin and lysozyme

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (7) ◽  
pp. 638-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changhoon Chai ◽  
Kyung-Soo Lee ◽  
Goo-Sang Imm ◽  
Young Soon Kim ◽  
Se-Wook Oh
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Sodium Taurocholate ◽  
Natural Antimicrobials ◽  
Human Contact ◽  
Spore Outgrowth

Inactivating Clostridium difficile spores is difficult, as they are resistant to heat, chemicals, and antimicrobials. However, this note describes inactivation of C. difficile spore outgrowth by incubation in a solution containing a germinant (1% (m/v) sodium taurocholate), co-germinants (1% (m/v) tryptose and 1% (m/v) NaCl), and natural antimicrobials (20 nmol·L–1 nisin and 0.2 mmol·L–1 lysozyme). Clostridium difficile spores were resistant to nisin and lysozyme but became susceptible during germination and outgrowth triggered and promoted by sodium taurocholate, tryptose, and NaCl. The degree of inactivation of germinated and outgrowing C. difficile spores by both nisin and lysozyme was greater than the sum of that by nisin and lysozyme individually, suggesting synergistic inactivation of C. difficile spores. The germinant, co-germinants, and natural antimicrobials used in this study are safe for human contact and consumption. Therefore, these findings will facilitate the development of a safe and effective method to inactivate C. difficile spore.

scholarly journals Biochemical Characterization of Cellulolitic Bacteria From Mangroves Weathered Wood In Muntok Sub district, West Bangka Regency

2018 ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Ardiansyah Kurniawan ◽  
Asep Awaludin Prihanto ◽  
Suci Puspita Sari ◽  
Andi Kurniawan ◽  
Euis Asriani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Cellulose Degradation ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Sampling Locations

Acceleration of wood weathering in the mangrove area is possible with the role of cellulolytic bacteria. Cellulolytic bacteria producing cellulase enzymes are needed by the animal feed and agriculture industries. Mangroves in Muntok Subdistrict undergo a process of adaptation to environmental changes due to tin mining, including microorganisms. Exploration of new species and strains of cellulolytic bacteria in miningaffected mangroves is needed to enrich the collection and its potential use for human needs. This study aims to identify cellulolytic bacteria in mangrove weathered wood in Muntok District, West Bangka Regency through isolation, screening, and biochemical characterization. Three sampling locations, namely Sukal Mangrove, Peltim Mangrove, and Tembelok Mangrove result 22 bacterial isolates with 11 isolates showing the ability of cellulose degradation in qualitative tests using Lugol. The biochemical characterization of bacterial isolates with the greatest cellulose degradation was directed towards Citrobacter freundii and Vibrio alginolyticus in samples of Sukal Mangrove and Actinomyces bovis in isolates from Peltim Mangrove.

Morphology of High-Performance Rigid-Rod Polymer Fibers and Molecular Composites

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 338-339
Author(s):  
W.W. Adams ◽  
S. J. Krause
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Liquid Crystalline ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Commercial Development ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Molecular Composites ◽  
Rigid Rod

Rigid-rod polymers such as PBO, poly(paraphenylene benzobisoxazole), Figure 1a, are now in commercial development for use as high-performance fibers and for reinforcement at the molecular level in molecular composites. Spinning of liquid crystalline polyphosphoric acid solutions of PBO, followed by washing, drying, and tension heat treatment produces fibers which have the following properties: density of 1.59 g/cm3; tensile strength of 820 kpsi; tensile modulus of 52 Mpsi; compressive strength of 50 kpsi; they are electrically insulating; they do not absorb moisture; and they are insensitive to radiation, including ultraviolet. Since the chain modulus of PBO is estimated to be 730 GPa, the high stiffness also affords the opportunity to reinforce a flexible coil polymer at the molecular level, in analogy to a chopped fiber reinforced composite. The objectives of the molecular composite concept are to eliminate the thermal expansion coefficient mismatch between the fiber and the matrix, as occurs in conventional composites, to eliminate the interface between the fiber and the matrix, and, hopefully, to obtain synergistic effects from the exceptional stiffness of the rigid-rod molecule. These expectations have been confirmed in the case of blending rigid-rod PBZT, poly(paraphenylene benzobisthiazole), Figure 1b, with stiff-chain ABPBI, poly 2,5(6) benzimidazole, Fig. 1c A film with 30% PBZT/70% ABPBI had tensile strength 190 kpsi and tensile modulus of 13 Mpsi when solution spun from a 3% methane sulfonic acid solution into a film. The modulus, as predicted by rule of mixtures, for a film with this composition and with planar isotropic orientation, should be 16 Mpsi. The experimental value is 80% of the theoretical value indicating that the concept of a molecular composite is valid.

Misophonia: An Evidence-Based Case Report

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 685-690
Author(s):  
C. S. Vanaja ◽  
Miriam Soni Abigail
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Case History ◽  
Pure Tone ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Management Option ◽  
Pure Tone Audiogram

Purpose Misophonia is a sound tolerance disorder condition in certain sounds that trigger intense emotional or physiological responses. While some persons may experience misophonia, a few patients suffer from misophonia. However, there is a dearth of literature on audiological assessment and management of persons with misophonia. The purpose of this report is to discuss the assessment of misophonia and highlight the management option that helped a patient with misophonia. Method A case study of a 26-year-old woman with the complaint of decreased tolerance to specific sounds affecting quality of life is reported. Audiological assessment differentiated misophonia from hyperacusis. Management included retraining counseling as well as desensitization and habituation therapy based on the principles described by P. J. Jastreboff and Jastreboff (2014). A misophonia questionnaire was administered at regular intervals to monitor the effectiveness of therapy. Results A detailed case history and audiological evaluations including pure-tone audiogram and Johnson Hyperacusis Index revealed the presence of misophonia. The patient benefitted from intervention, and the scores of the misophonia questionnaire indicated a decrease in the severity of the problem. Conclusions It is important to differentially diagnose misophonia and hyperacusis in persons with sound tolerance disorders. Retraining counseling as well as desensitization and habituation therapy can help patients who suffer from misophonia.

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