Characterization of Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporin–ResistantSalmonella entericaSerovar Heidelberg Isolated from Humans in the United States

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason P. Folster ◽  
Gary Pecic ◽  
Shanna Bolcen ◽  
Lisa Theobald ◽  
Kelley Hise ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Extended Spectrum

scholarly journals Detection of CTX-M-1 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase among ceftiofur-resistant Salmonella enterica clinical isolates of poultry

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 681-687
Author(s):  
Thomas N. Denagamage ◽  
Eva Wallner-Pendleton ◽  
Bhushan M. Jayarao ◽  
Lingzi Xiaoli ◽  
Edward G. Dudley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
The United States ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Made In

Salmonella enterica resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESC) conferred by cefotaximases ( blaCTX-M) is a growing concern in the United States. Among food-producing animals, poultry are a major reservoir of ESC-resistant Salmonella. A retrospective study was carried out to further characterize 38 ceftiofur-resistant clinical Salmonella enterica isolates obtained from poultry during 2007–2018. Of the isolates tested, 31 displayed resistance to ceftriaxone and harbored blaCMY-2, whereas 7 isolates demonstrated resistance or reduced susceptibility to cefepime in addition to ceftriaxone resistance. These 7 isolates displayed extended-spectrum β-lactamase activity, harbored blaCTX-M-1, and were recovered only from recent poultry diagnostic submissions made in 2011–2018 as opposed to the 31 isolates that were recovered in 2007–2018. Further characterization of the blaCTX-M-1 gene determined that it was located on conjugative IncN/ST1 and IncI1/ST87 plasmids in the isolates from commercial turkeys and broilers, respectively. These plasmids have been responsible for extensive spread of blaCTX-M-1 in livestock, poultry, and humans in Europe. Potential transfer of IncN and IncI1 plasmids and/or nontyphoidal Salmonella carrying these plasmids through the food chain, or by other means to humans, may result in treatment failures. Our study demonstrates the importance of further characterization of ceftiofur-resistant S. enterica isolates detected by veterinary diagnostic laboratories to identify the sources of blaCTX-M-1 and to mitigate the spread of ESC-resistant Salmonella in the poultry production pyramid.

Phylogenetic and phenotypic characterization of Fomes fasciatus and Fomes fomentarius in the United States

Mycologia ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 105 (6) ◽  
pp. 1524-1534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meghan A. McCormick ◽  
Larry F. Grand ◽  
Justin B. Post ◽  
Marc A. Cubeta
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Fomes Fomentarius

scholarly journals Phenotypic Characterization of Recent Clonal Lineages of Phytophthora infestans in the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (7) ◽  
pp. 873-881 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Danies ◽  
I. M. Small ◽  
K. Myers ◽  
R. Childers ◽  
W. E. Fry
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Late Blight ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
The United States ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Mating Types ◽  
Late Blight Disease ◽  
Blight Disease

Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight disease, has been reported in the United States and Canada since the mid-nineteenth century. Due to the lack of or very limited sexual reproduction, the populations of P. infestans in the United States are primarily reproducing asexually and, thus, show a simple genetic structure. The emergence of new clonal lineages of P. infestans (US-22, US-23, and US-24) responsible for the late blight epidemics in the northeastern region of the United States in the summers of 2009 and 2010 stimulated an investigation into phenotypic traits associated with these genotypes. Mating type, differences in sensitivity to mefenoxam, differences in pathogenicity on potato and tomato, and differences in rate of germination were studied for clonal lineages US-8, US-22, US-23, and US-24. Both A1 and A2 mating types were detected. Lineages US-22, US-23, and US-24 were generally sensitive to mefenoxam while US-8 was resistant. US-8 and US-24 were primarily pathogenic on potato while US-22 and US-23 were pathogenic on both potato and tomato. Indirect germination was favored at lower temperatures (5 and 10°C) whereas direct germination, though uncommon, was favored at higher temperatures (20 and 25°C). Sporangia of US-24 released zoospores more rapidly than did sporangia of US-22 and US-23. The association of characteristic phenotypic traits with genotype enables the prediction of phenotypic traits from rapid genotypic analyses for improved disease management.

scholarly journals Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Genotyping Analysis Shows That Vaccination Can Limit the Number and Diversity of Recombinant Progeny of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Viruses from the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (23) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos A. Loncoman ◽  
Carol A. Hartley ◽  
Mauricio J. C. Coppo ◽  
Glenn F. Browning ◽  
Gabriela Beltrán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism ◽  
Viral Replication ◽  
The United States ◽  
Snp Genotyping ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphism ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Genotyping Assay ◽  
Infectious Laryngotracheitis

ABSTRACT Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILTV; Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1) causes mild to severe respiratory disease in poultry worldwide. Recombination in this virus under natural (field) conditions was first described in 2012 and more recently has been studied under laboratory conditions. Previous studies have revealed that natural recombination is widespread in ILTV and have also demonstrated that recombination between two attenuated ILTV vaccine strains generated highly virulent viruses that produced widespread disease within poultry flocks in Australia. In the United States, natural ILTV recombination has also been detected, but not as frequently as in Australia. To better understand recombination in ILTV strains originating from the United States, we developed a TaqMan single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping assay to detect recombination between two virulent U.S. field strains of ILTV (63140 and 1874c5) under experimental in vivo conditions. We also tested the capacity of the Innovax-ILT vaccine (a recombinant vaccine using herpesvirus of turkeys as a vector) and the Trachivax vaccine (a conventionally attenuated chicken embryo origin vaccine) to reduce recombination. The Trachivax vaccine prevented ILTV replication, and therefore recombination, in the trachea after challenge. The Innovax-ILT vaccine allowed the challenge viruses to replicate and to recombine, but at a significantly lower rate than in an unvaccinated group of birds. Our results demonstrate that the TaqMan SNP genotyping assay is a useful tool to study recombination between these ILTV strains and also show that vaccination can limit the number and diversity of recombinant progeny viruses. IMPORTANCE Recombination allows alphaherpesviruses to evolve over time and become more virulent. Historically, characterization of viral vaccines in poultry have mainly focused on limiting clinical disease, rather than limiting virus replication, but such approaches can allow field viruses to persist and evolve in vaccinated populations. In this study, we vaccinated chickens with Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1 vaccines that are commercially available in the United States and then performed coinoculations with two field strains of virus to measure the ability of the vaccines to prevent field strains from replicating and recombining. We found that vaccination reduced viral replication, recombination, and diversity compared to those in unvaccinated chickens, although the extent to which this occurred differed between vaccines. We suggest that characterization of vaccines could include studies to examine the ability of vaccines to reduce viral recombination in order to limit the rise of new virulent field strains due to recombination, especially for those vaccines that are known not to prevent viral replication following challenge.

scholarly journals Development and Biocompatibility Characterization of a BioMEMS Sensor for Monitoring the Progression of Fracture Healing

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon G. Santoni ◽  
Rohat Melik ◽  
Emre Unal ◽  
Nihan Kosku Perkgoz ◽  
Debra A. Kamstock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Fracture Healing ◽  
Bone Fractures ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Early Period ◽  
The United States ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Extremity Injuries ◽  
Manual Manipulation

Orthopaedic extremity injuries present a large medical and financial burden to the United States and world-wide communities [1]. Approximately six million long bone fractures are reported annually in the United States and approximately 10% of these fractures do not heal properly. Though the exact mechanism of impaired healing is poorly understood, many of these non-unions result when there is a communited condition that does not proceed through a stabilized healing pathway [2]. Currently, clinicians may monitor healing visually by radiographs, or via manual manipulation of the bone at the fracture [3]. Unfortunately, the course of aberrant fracture healing is not easily diagnosed in the early period when standard radiographic information of the fracture is not capable of discriminating the healing pathway. Manual assessment of fracture healing is also an inadequate diagnostic tool in the early stages of healing [4].

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