Integrating infection intensity into within- and between-host pathogen dynamics: implications for invasion and virulence evolution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Quentin Wilber ◽  
Ferdinand Pfab ◽  
Michel E Ohmer ◽  
Cheryl J. Briggs
Keyword(s):  
Infection Intensity ◽  
Virulence Evolution ◽  
Pathogen Dynamics ◽  
Host Pathogen

scholarly journals Sexual conflict drives micro- and macroevolution of sexual dimorphism in immunity

BMC Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Basabi Bagchi ◽  
Quentin Corbel ◽  
Imroze Khan ◽  
Ellen Payne ◽  
Devshuvam Banerji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Mating System ◽  
Sexual Conflict ◽  
Experimental Evolution ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Pathogen Dynamics ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Seed Beetles

Abstract Background Sexual dimorphism in immunity is believed to reflect sex differences in reproductive strategies and trade-offs between competing life history demands. Sexual selection can have major effects on mating rates and sex-specific costs of mating and may thereby influence sex differences in immunity as well as associated host–pathogen dynamics. Yet, experimental evidence linking the mating system to evolved sexual dimorphism in immunity are scarce and the direct effects of mating rate on immunity are not well established. Here, we use transcriptomic analyses, experimental evolution and phylogenetic comparative methods to study the association between the mating system and sexual dimorphism in immunity in seed beetles, where mating causes internal injuries in females. Results We demonstrate that female phenoloxidase (PO) activity, involved in wound healing and defence against parasitic infections, is elevated relative to males. This difference is accompanied by concomitant sex differences in the expression of genes in the prophenoloxidase activating cascade. We document substantial phenotypic plasticity in female PO activity in response to mating and show that experimental evolution under enforced monogamy (resulting in low remating rates and reduced sexual conflict relative to natural polygamy) rapidly decreases female (but not male) PO activity. Moreover, monogamous females had evolved increased tolerance to bacterial infection unrelated to mating, implying that female responses to costly mating may trade off with other aspects of immune defence, an hypothesis which broadly accords with the documented sex differences in gene expression. Finally, female (but not male) PO activity shows correlated evolution with the perceived harmfulness of male genitalia across 12 species of seed beetles, suggesting that sexual conflict has a significant influence on sexual dimorphisms in immunity in this group of insects. Conclusions Our study provides insights into the links between sexual conflict and sexual dimorphism in immunity and suggests that selection pressures moulded by mating interactions can lead to a sex-specific mosaic of immune responses with important implications for host–pathogen dynamics in sexually reproducing organisms.

scholarly journals Immunogenetic novelty confers a selective advantage in host–pathogen coevolution

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (7) ◽  
pp. 1552-1557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl P. Phillips ◽  
Joanne Cable ◽  
Ryan S. Mohammed ◽  
Magdalena Herdegen-Radwan ◽  
Jarosław Raubic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Infection Intensity ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Selective Advantage ◽  
Histocompatibility Complex ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Polymorphic Gene ◽  
Or Gene

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is crucial to the adaptive immune response of vertebrates and is among the most polymorphic gene families known. Its high diversity is usually attributed to selection imposed by fast-evolving pathogens. Pathogens are thought to evolve to escape recognition by common immune alleles, and, hence, novel MHC alleles, introduced through mutation, recombination, or gene flow, are predicted to give hosts superior resistance. Although this theoretical prediction underpins host–pathogen “Red Queen” coevolution, it has not been demonstrated in the context of natural MHC diversity. Here, we experimentally tested whether novel MHC variants (both alleles and functional “supertypes”) increased resistance of guppies (Poecilia reticulata) to a common ectoparasite (Gyrodactylus turnbulli). We used exposure-controlled infection trials with wild-sourced parasites, and Gyrodactylus-naïve host fish that were F2 descendants of crossed wild populations. Hosts carrying MHC variants (alleles or supertypes) that were new to a given parasite population experienced a 35–37% reduction in infection intensity, but the number of MHC variants carried by an individual, analogous to heterozygosity in single-locus systems, was not a significant predictor. Our results provide direct evidence of novel MHC variant advantage, confirming a fundamental mechanism underpinning the exceptional polymorphism of this gene family and highlighting the role of immunogenetic novelty in host–pathogen coevolution.

scholarly journals Review: Host-pathogen dynamics of seagrass diseases under future global change

2018 ◽  
Vol 134 ◽  
pp. 75-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brooke K. Sullivan ◽  
Stacey M. Trevathan-Tackett ◽  
Sigrid Neuhauser ◽  
Laura L. Govers
Keyword(s):  
Global Change ◽  
Pathogen Dynamics ◽  
Host Pathogen

scholarly journals Host-pathogen dynamics through targeted secretome analysis of stimulated macrophages

2018 ◽  
Vol 189 ◽  
pp. 34-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd M. Khan ◽  
Marijke Koppenol-Raab ◽  
Minna Kuriakose ◽  
Nathan P. Manes ◽  
David R. Goodlett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogen Dynamics ◽  
Secretome Analysis ◽  
Host Pathogen

scholarly journals The role of pathogen shedding in linking within- and between-host pathogen dynamics

2015 ◽  
Vol 270 ◽  
pp. 249-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Barfield ◽  
Maria E. Orive ◽  
Robert D. Holt
Keyword(s):  
Pathogen Dynamics ◽  
Host Pathogen
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