Benefits and Unintended Consequences of Gender Segregation in Public Transportation: Evidence from Mexico City’s Subway System

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arturo Alberto Aguilar ◽  
Emilio Gutierrez ◽  
Paula Soto Villagran
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Gender Segregation ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Subway System

scholarly journals Virus Transmission Risk in Urban Rail Systems: Microscopic Simulation-Based Analysis of Spatio-Temporal Characteristics

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110101
Author(s):  
Jiali Zhou ◽  
Haris N. Koutsopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Microscopic Simulation ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
Subway System ◽  
Public Transportation Systems ◽  
The Impact

The transmission risk of airborne diseases in public transportation systems is a concern. This paper proposes a modified Wells-Riley model for risk analysis in public transportation systems to capture the passenger flow characteristics, including spatial and temporal patterns, in the number of boarding and alighting passengers, and in number of infectors. The model is used to assess overall risk as a function of origin–destination flows, actual operations, and factors such as mask-wearing and ventilation. The model is integrated with a microscopic simulation model of subway operations (SimMETRO). Using actual data from a subway system, a case study explores the impact of different factors on transmission risk, including mask-wearing, ventilation rates, infectiousness levels of disease, and carrier rates. In general, mask-wearing and ventilation are effective under various demand levels, infectiousness levels, and carrier rates. Mask-wearing is more effective in mitigating risks. Impacts from operations and service frequency are also evaluated, emphasizing the importance of maintaining reliable, frequent operations in lowering transmission risks. Risk spatial patterns are also explored, highlighting locations of higher risk.

scholarly journals Economic Activity and the Spread of Viral Diseases: Evidence from High Frequency Data *

2016 ◽  
Vol 131 (2) ◽  
pp. 891-941 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jérôme Adda
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Transportation Networks ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
High Frequency Data ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Frequency Data

Abstract Viruses are a major threat to human health, and—given that they spread through social interactions—represent a costly externality. This article addresses three main questions: (i) what are the unintended consequences of economic activity on the spread of infections; (ii) how efficient are measures that limit interpersonal contacts; (iii) how do we allocate our scarce resources to limit the spread of infections? To answer these questions, we use novel high frequency data from France on the incidence of a number of viral diseases across space, for different age groups, over a quarter of a century. We use quasi-experimental variation to evaluate the importance of policies reducing interpersonal contacts such as school closures or the closure of public transportation networks. While these policies significantly reduce disease prevalence, we find that they are not cost-effective. We find that expansions of transportation networks have significant health costs in increasing the spread of viruses, and that propagation rates are pro-cyclically sensitive to economic conditions and increase with inter-regional trade.

scholarly journals A Case Report of Vaginal Delivery at Home Due to Fear of Covid-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahnaz Nosratabadi ◽  
Nasrin Sarabi ◽  
Leila Masoudiyekta
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Home Delivery ◽  
Medical Intervention ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Unsafe Condition ◽  
Protective Methods ◽  
At Home

Introduction: Childbirth can be a normal and nonintervention process, but sometimes the process gets out of normal and requires immediate medical intervention. Thus, home delivery cannot be considered safe without coordination with the treatment staff. Sometimes fear of Covid-19 epidemic prevents mothers to go to the hospital for childbirth and they decide to do it in an unsafe condition, which puts the health of the mother and the neonate at risk. Presentation Case: Our case was a pregnant woman  with a negative blood group (A-)  who did not come to the hospital because of fear of contracting Covid-19 from the hospital and decided to give birth at home without medical and midwifery support. After giving birth at home, she called the midwife who was taking care of her pregnancy. But she was still afraid to go to the medical center for postpartum care. The midwife informed the mother and her husband that they would be transferred to the midwifery clinic for further care and follow-up, with the necessary counseling and assurance of protective care to control Covid 19 transmission. Conclusion: Counseling and training of protective methods during pregnancy can reduce the concerns of pregnant women. It is also recommended that pregnant women avoid unnecessary travel, public places, use of public transportation and contact with sick people, and most importantly, observe personal and public health issues. Some pregnant women may experience severe anxiety and depression during epidemics such as Covid 19, which require educational psychological counseling and continuous psychological support to prevent unintended consequences.

Saving the Subway

Last Subway ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 96-123
Author(s):  
Philip Mark Plotch
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
York City ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Budget Cuts ◽  
The World ◽  
Downward Spiral ◽  
Subway System ◽  
The City

This chapter describes how, in the 1970s, the New York City subway system continued the downward spiral of fewer riders, budget cuts, and reduced service, which led to a loss of more riders, further budget cuts, and even worse service. Despite carrying fewer passengers, the transit system's operating costs kept increasing. David Yunich's successor at the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA), Harold Fisher, failed to address the MTA's slide, although he claimed that his programs were making public transportation travel more efficient, comfortable, and safe. By 1980, New York City's subway riders had more to complain about than ever before. New York City's subway system was not just unreliable, crowded, and filthy; it was also the most dangerous in the world. Moreover, the ongoing deterioration of the subways was threatening the city's economy. The chapter then focuses on the role of house developer Richard Ravitch as MTA chair. Ravitch had no interest in restarting the Second Avenue subway, and the project was a low priority for many of the communities it would serve. Instead, under Ravitch's leadership, the MTA took care of the abandoned tunnels below Second Avenue. More importantly for the future of the neighborhoods that the Second Avenue subway had been designed to serve, Ravitch rescued the existing subway system and the city along with it.

Reducing Gender-Based Violence in Public Transportation

2015 ◽  
Vol 2531 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aldo Tudela Rivadeneyra ◽  
Abel Lopez Dodero ◽  
Shomik Raj Mehndiratta ◽  
Bianca Bianchi Alves ◽  
Elizabeth Deakin
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Gender Segregation ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Transportation Services ◽  
Communication Campaign ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
Reporting Systems ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Gender Based

Gender-based violence on public transportation in Mexico City, Mexico, is a growing concern. Current efforts to counteract the violence have focused on transit vehicles for exclusive use by women and children and campaigns to promote the report of offenses. To characterize the problem, this study conducted a transit user survey, workshops with transit users, interviews with operators, and interviews with experts in the field. The study found that, even though transit users believed that the gender-exclusive transport service reduced problematic encounters, they did not view the service as a solution to the problem of gender-based violence. Transit users would prefer to see the problem addressed through a combination of interventions including social marketing, mobile phone reporting systems, and transit service upgrades. Government agencies acknowledged that gender segregation and current reporting systems were only partially successful, and nongovernmental organizations and private operators agreed. Those agencies added that they were ready to contribute to the effort to find solutions to the problem. Study recommendations included (a) a communication campaign to foster better social behavior by passengers; (b) the use of technology, such as cell phone applications, to enable users to report offenses; and (c) the further investigation of the potential for new technology-based niche transportation services to address particular markets that were unsafe.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal distributions of population in Seoul: joint influence of ridership and accessibility of the subway system

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji-Hye Lee ◽  
Segun Goh ◽  
Keumsook Lee ◽  
M. Y. Choi
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Morphological Evolution ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Transportation System ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Subway System ◽  
The Impact

AbstractMoving along with daily life, urban residents and commuters create characteristic spatiotemporal patterns which vary extensively with the time of day. These patterns are formed via traffic flows: accordingly, understanding the impact of transportation system is essential for urban planners to evaluate expected urban activities. To explore them, we examine specifically population distributions in Seoul City by analyzing hourly population data based on mobile phone location records in combination with a couple of indicators of the Seoul Subway system. Through clustering and principal component analyses, we first demonstrate that the spatial distribution of the population is categorized according to the time of day, i.e., night, daytime, and evening, variations across which reflect the morphology of land use. We then examine the influence of the subway system on the population, employing ridership and accessibility as indicators. Our linear regression analysis shows that both are associated with the daytime and the evening populations, which implies that only commercial activities are substantially coupled to the subway system. Further, we find that the distinctive difference of night population is encoded in the probability distributions; this is elucidated by means of a multiplicative growth model for the morphological evolution of Seoul, revealing decentralization of residential areas and centralization of commercial areas. This study sheds light on the interplay of a public transportation system and land use, which is of relevance to planners and policymakers wishing to develop neighborhoods in support of sustainable modes.

Slugging: Casual Carpooling for Urban Transit

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiliang Cui ◽  
Kaili Li ◽  
Luyi Yang ◽  
Jinting Wang
Keyword(s):  
Social Welfare ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Problem Definition ◽  
Social Optimum ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
The Road ◽  
Free Ride ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
On The Road

Problem definition: “Slugging,” or casual carpooling, refers to the commuting practice of drivers picking up passengers at designated locations and offering them a free ride in order to qualify for high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes. Academic/practical relevance: It is estimated that tens of thousands of daily commuters rely on slugging to go to work in major U.S. cities. As drivers save commute time and passengers ride for free, slugging can be a promising Smart Mobility solution. However, little is known about the welfare, policy, and environmental implications of slugging. Methodology: We develop a stylized model that captures the essence of slugging. We characterize commuters’ equilibrium behavior in the model. Results: We find that slugging indeed makes commuters better off. However, the widely observed free-ride tradition is socially suboptimal. As compared with the social optimum, commuters always underslug in the free-slugging equilibrium when highway travel time is insensitive to slugging activities but may overslug otherwise. The socially optimal outcome can be achieved by allowing pecuniary exchanges between drivers and passengers. Interestingly, passengers may be better off if they pay for a ride than if they do not under free slugging. We also find that although policy initiatives to expand highway capacity or improve public transportation always increase social welfare in the absence of slugging, they may reduce social welfare in areas where free slugging is a major commuting choice. Nevertheless, these unintended consequences would be mitigated by the introduction of pecuniary exchanges. Finally, contrary to conventional wisdom, slugging as a form of carpooling can result in more cars on the road and thus, more carbon emissions. Managerial implications: Our results call upon the slugging community to rethink the free-ride practice. We also caution that slugging benefits commuters possibly to the detriment of the environment.

Expansion of the subway network and spatial distribution of population and employment in the Seoul metropolitan area

Urban Studies ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (11) ◽  
pp. 2499-2521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jangik Jin ◽  
Danya Kim
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Simultaneous Equation ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Urban Spatial Structure ◽  
Urban Centre ◽  
Seoul Metropolitan Area ◽  
Job Growth ◽  
Subway System

The objective of this study is to address two questions that are pertinent to the issue of transportation and urban spatial structure. First, we investigate whether the improvement of the subway system affects the spatial structure in the Seoul metropolitan area. Second, if so, we examine whether it contributes to the suburbanisation of population and employment or spatial concentration around the urban centre. To do so, we focus on the improvement of the subway system in Seoul metropolitan areas between 2000 and 2010 with micro population and employment data. Because of the interrelationship between population, employment and transportation, we control for the interplay between population, employment and subway network by using a simultaneous equation model. Our results provide several interesting findings. First, the improvement of the subway system plays an important role in changes in urban spatial structure. Second, the improvement of the subway system significantly affects job growth in the urban centre and subcentres in the city of Seoul. Third, the interrelationship between population, employment and public transportation generates redistributive effects that are substantially associated with urban growth and decline, and determine urban spatial structure.

Balancing Concentration and Dispersion? Public Policy and Urban Structure in Toronto

10.1068/c2m ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Filion
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
North American ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Metropolitan Regions ◽  
Subway System ◽  
The 1960S

By North American standards Toronto is a concentrated agglomeration. Its downtown has enjoyed spectacular growth since the 1960s; most inner-city neighbourhoods are perceived as desirable; and public transit patronage is high relative to that of same-size North American metropolitan regions. Still, it is within dispersed, car-oriented, suburbs that most post-1950 development has taken place. This agglomeration is composed of two realms—a concentrated and a dispersed realm—differentiated by their respective land-use-transportation dynamic. The concentrated realm is defined by a considerable reliance on walking and public transportation, a mixing of land uses and overall higher employment and residential densities than elsewhere in the metropolitan region. Meanwhile, the dispersed realm is car dependent, dominated by large monofunctional zones and developed at a relatively low density. The author links the coexistence and respective importance of these two realms in the Toronto agglomeration both to the nature of urban policies implemented since 1950 and to the circumstances that have led to their adoption. The construction of expressways, suburban type land-use planning, and a generous provision of open space have abetted dispersion. By contrast, the construction of a subway system and measures encouraging the redevelopment of underused land have promoted growth within the concentrated portion of the agglomeration. It is noteworthy, however, that these measures have failed in their attempts to induce concentration beyond the prewar urbanized perimeter. The author examines the positive and negative aspects of the presence of these two realms within a given agglomeration and highlights the threat newly adopted policies represent for the concentrated realm.

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