Public and Private Employer Learning: Evidence from the Adoption of Teacher Value Added

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Bates
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Employer Learning ◽  
Private Employer

scholarly journals Do Value-Added Estimates Add Value? Accounting for Learning Dynamics

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 29-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahir Andrabi ◽  
Jishnu Das ◽  
Asim Ijaz Khwaja ◽  
Tristan Zajonc
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Error ◽  
Private Schools ◽  
Private School ◽  
Unobserved Heterogeneity ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Value Added Models ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Biased Estimates

This paper illustrates the central role of persistence in estimating and interpreting value-added models of learning. Using data from Pakistani public and private schools, we apply dynamic panel methods that address three key empirical challenges: imperfect persistence, unobserved heterogeneity, and measurement error. Our estimates suggest that only one-fifth to one-half of learning persists between grades and that private schools increase average achievement by 0.25 standard deviations each year. In contrast, value-added models that assume perfect persistence yield severely downward estimates of the private school effect. Models that ignore unobserved heterogeneity or measurement error produce biased estimates of persistence. (JEL I21, J13, O15)

scholarly journals Insulin price components: case studies in six low/middle-income countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. e001705
Author(s):  
Douglas Ball ◽  
Margaret Ewen ◽  
Richard Laing ◽  
David Beran
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low Middle Income Countries ◽  
Health Action ◽  
Public And Private Sector

IntroductionUnderstanding price components for insulin products can help design interventions to improve insulin affordability in low/middle-income countries.MethodsAn adapted WHO/Health Action International standardised methodology was used in Brazil (Rio de Janeiro), China (Hubei and Shaanxi Provinces), Ghana, India (Haryana State), Indonesia and Uganda. Selected insulin products had their prices traced backwards through the supply chain from public and private sector retail outlets in the capital city and a district town, supplemented with key informant interviews.ResultsCumulative mark-ups ranged from 8.7% to 565.8% but the magnitude of mark-ups was country specific and variable within and across sectors and regions. The proportion of the patient price attributed to the manufacturer’s selling price varied from 15.0% to 92.0%. Pricing regulations in China, India and Indonesia reduced wholesale and retail mark-ups but did not guarantee low prices. Most countries had removed import duties (Ghana, India, Indonesia, Uganda), but additional tariffs of 3.5% were still applied in Ghana. Value-added tax in the private sector ranged from 5% to 20% across the countries.ConclusionThere are no clear trends in the mark-ups applied to insulin or specific differences in the price structure. A uniform approach to improving insulin access through regulating price components is unlikely to be successful, but elimination of duties and taxes, price regulation and greater price transparency could help influence prices and hence affordability.

Conventions of Audit Quality: The Perspective of Public and Private Company Audit Partners

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Brivot ◽  
Mélanie Roussy ◽  
Maryse Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Audit Quality ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Professional Judgment ◽  
Private Company ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Financial Situation ◽  
Big 4 ◽  
Audit Firms ◽  
Public Company ◽  
Depth Analysis

SUMMARY This research is based on an in-depth analysis of 34 interviews with partners in Big 4, medium-sized, and small audit firms that specialize in private and/or public company audits, to explore how they understand the concept of audit quality. Two contrasting conventions—i.e., shared judgment norms—of audit quality emerge from the analysis. Public company audit partners in Big 4 firms espouse what we call the “model” audit quality convention, which considers that audit quality results from a technically flawless audit, where professional judgment is highly formalized, and quality is attested by a perfectly documented audit file that passes Canadian Public Accountability Board (CPAB) and PCAOB inspections. In contrast, partners working primarily on private company audits, regardless of their firm's size, endorse what we call the “value-added” audit quality convention, which considers that audit quality results from tailoring the audit to meet the client's unique needs, where professional judgment is unconstrained, and where quality is attested by the client's perception that the audit has given a better understanding of their financial situation and the associated risks and opportunities. Our analysis also reveals significant tensions within each of these two conventions, and a fear that the current regulatory framework for quality control might end up severely hurting audit quality.

scholarly journals Health Insurance is Dead; Long Live Health Insurance

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 195-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy K. Mariner
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Private Health Insurance ◽  
Health Plans ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Department Of Labor ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Patient Protection ◽  
Old Order ◽  
Private Employer ◽  
Treasury Department

Upon the death of a king or queen, the proclamation “the king is dead, long live the king” announces a new monarch’s accession to the throne, preserving the sovereign order. As the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) is implemented, it is tempting to proclaim the reign of a new system of health insurance. But, will it preserve the old order or initiate a new form of governance? As states and insurers grapple with new rules and regulations being issued from the Department of Health and Human Services, the Treasury Department and the Department of Labor, one might believe an entirely new health insurance system is being built. Yet, the ACA is designed to preserve existing forms of public and private health insurance, such as Medicare and private employer group health plans, which will continue to operate much as they have in the recent past. What has changed is the role that insurance will play and how that will shape the way we think about health policy.

scholarly journals Assessment of the European Union’s Educational Efficiency

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 3116
Author(s):  
Marius Sorin Dincă ◽  
Gheorghiţa Dincă ◽  
Maria Letiţia Andronic ◽  
Anna Maria Pasztori
Keyword(s):  
International Student ◽  
Student Assessment ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Assessment Scores ◽  
International Student Assessment ◽  
Recording Efficiency ◽  
Educational Efficiency ◽  
Education Levels

This paper assesses education sector’s efficiency by comparing 28 European Union states at different levels of education using the mathematic approach of data envelopment analysis. We conducted the study from both the allocative and technical perspectives by considering all education levels separately and then as a whole, every three years, starting with 2006. The input and output variables were adapted to each particular level of education. In this way, we offered a complete image of the education system, creating a ranking for the countries, based on efficiency scores. Efficiency appears to be achieved when education results, such as the Programme for International Student Assessment scores, attainment level or other value-added outcomes, are reached with rather low levels of financial resources. The performance in education lacks sustainability in many countries, mostly belonging to Mediterranean and south-eastern European groups, with old member states recording efficiency scores closer to 1 compared to the new ones. Inefficiency derived from different causes and interactions between these causes (the mixture between public and private resources, the different population composition, gross domestic product per capita or levels of education attainment) and most often imply particular solutions from country to country.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Yield Measures on Performance and Profitability of Selected Banks in India

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 4150-4155
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Return On Assets ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Return On Equity ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Fixed Assets ◽  
Public And Private Sector ◽  
The Relationship

Productivity is one of the important measures which helps for growth and development of economy of the country. The productivity plays a crucial part in organizational achievement of excellence which is essential for dynamic society. Optimum productivity of a company depends on coordination between all inputs that yield maximum profitability with minimum effort. Hence the present study is focus on an objective of identify and compare the factors influencing the Productivity as well as Profitability Performance of select Public and Private sector banks in India. The sample consists of 20 Banks which were operating in India. The study period considered for the study is ten years from 2008-09 to 2017- 18. The methodology which is used in the present study is Correlation analysis which helps to know the relationship between the select variables and Regression analysis is used to analyse the impact of select independent variables such as Sales Per employee, value added per employee, Profit before tax per employee, employee cost to sales and employee cost to value added on dependent variables like Return on Assets, Return on Equity and Value added per fixed assets. Further Independent sample test is used to assess the relationship between Productivity and Performance measures of select Public and Private sector Banks in India. Thus, the results from correlation analysis indicate that almost all the independent variables except Sales per employee and employee cost to sales have significant relationship with dependant variables in both Public sector and private sector banks. The Regression result shows that Sales per employee is having significant negative impact on Return on Assets, return on equity and Value added per fixed assets. Independent samples test reveals that the Private sector banks are showing superior performance than Public sector banks.

scholarly journals Low-Carbon R&D Can Boost EU Growth and Competitiveness

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 5236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kostas Fragkiadakis ◽  
Panagiotis Fragkos ◽  
Leonidas Paroussos
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
Learning By Doing ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Research And Innovation ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Low Carbon Technologies ◽  
Climate Neutrality ◽  
The Eu

Research and Innovation (R&I) are a key part of the EU strategy towards stronger growth and the creation of more and better jobs while respecting social and climate objectives. In the last decades, improvements in costs and performance of low-carbon technologies triggered by R&I expenditures and learning-by-doing effects have increased their competitiveness compared to fossil fuel options. So, in the context of ambitious climate policies as described in the EU Green Deal, increased R&I expenditures can increase productivity and boost EU economic growth and competitiveness, especially in countries with large innovation and low-carbon manufacturing base. The analysis captures the different nature of public and private R&I, with the latter having more positive economic implications and higher efficiency as it is closer to industrial activities. Public R&D commonly focuses on immature highly uncertain technologies, which are also needed to achieve the climate neutrality target of the EU. The model-based assessment shows that a policy portfolio using part of carbon revenues for public and private R&D and development of the required skills can effectively alleviate decarbonisation costs, while promoting high value-added products and exports (e.g., low-carbon technologies), creating more high-quality jobs and contributing to climate change mitigation.

scholarly journals Collaborative Cassava-Chip Supply Chain Mobile Application in Thailand

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (01) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Thanika Chintanapunt ◽  
Rath Pichyangkura
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Mobile Application ◽  
Party System ◽  
Success Factors ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Acceptance Test ◽  
Collaborative Model ◽  
Public And Private

Cassava-chip is considered one of Thailand’s most important economic crops and Thailand is the world’s largest cassava products exporter. Thai government is prioritizing the cassava production in their “Mega farm” strategy in support of agricultural economic and collaboration between farmer, public and private sectors. The collaborative model is an integrated supply chain that manages the multiple stakeholders. Moreover, implementing the collaborative supply chain (CSC) has improve overall performance of the entire supply chain. The study aims to review existing literature on collaborative model and critical success factors in the agriculture supply chain context during 2008-2018 and the 20-year agriculture and cooperatives strategy (2017-2036). The six key collaborative success factors are identified: Business Management, Information Technology, Value Added Process, SC Relationship, Top Management Commitment, Partnership, Service Quality, Process, Resource Capability, Environment Uncertainties, Customer Satisfaction. The hypothesis will be tested by the linear regression analysis and develop the prototype of CSC mobile application to create the collaboration in cassava chip industry. Then, the result will be embedded into mobile application. The application will later be used to provide more appropriate third-party system to enhance the collaborative cassava chip supply chain in Thailand. The result shows that all components are supported by the hypothesis and user acceptance test.

scholarly journals Quality of road construction projects in Sweden between 1990 and 2010

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-87
Author(s):  
Abukar Warsame ◽  
Han-Suck Song ◽  
Hans Lind
Keyword(s):  
Construction Projects ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Quality Changes ◽  
Price Changes ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Environmental Objectives ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Constant Prices

It has been reported that productivity developments in construction are slow compared to other sectors. Measuring productivity is however not easy and it might have been underestimated due to deficiencies in the index that is used when the value added in current prices is converted into value added at constant prices. A central problem when deflating nominal prices is that the deflation should only take away price changes for identical products and not price changes related to quality changes and improvements necessitated by new environmental conditions and legislation as well as demand for higher safety. The aim of this project is to help fill this gap by looking at the quality changes over time in road construction. A combination of comparative studies and interviews with practitioners from public and private sectors that are involved in road construction projects were conducted. It was found that there had been both direct quality changes in the roads, primarily to improve safety on the roads and for noise protection, and indirect quality changes related to building in more difficult circumstances because of giving higher weight to other social objectives, especially environmental objectives. As these quality increases are not taken into account when productivity is measured, productivity improvements could be underestimated by around 1% per year. 

Perspective of Policy Interventions in Rice and Cassava Value Chain Among Women in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 127-150
Author(s):  
Eleojo Grace Adejo ◽  
Olusola Jamiu Saliu ◽  
Patrick Emmanuel Adejo
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Value Addition ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Policy Regimes ◽  
The North ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Private Organizations ◽  
The Government

The study investigated trends in rice grain and cassava tuber value addition through processing. Among the staple foods in Nigeria, rice and cassava have gained special prominence and priority attention by the government in terms of their production and value addition. The result indicated that the rice and cassava value chain is affected by different policy regimes. It was also found that women in the north central of Nigeria participated actively in rice and cassava value addition with some challenges. It is recommended that women processors of these commodities should have access to productive resources that can help add value to these commodities, training women on improved value added technologies and innovations by both public and private organizations, and most importantly, making these innovations and technologies affordable, adoptable, and adaptable will go a long way to boost their value added on these commodities through processing.

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