Janusz Małłek. Opera Selecta Volume II: Poland and Prussia in the Baltic Area from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century. Trans. Hazel Pearson. Studies Presented to the International Commission for the History of Representative and Parliamentary Institutions 91. Toruń: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika, 2013. 394 pp. €76. ISBN: 978-83-231-3034-5.

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1365-1367
Author(s):  
Władysław Roczniak
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
International Commission ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Baltic Area

The Beginning of the Reformation in Estonia

1953 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-278
Author(s):  
Karl Laantee
Keyword(s):  
The Reformation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Baltic Area

The history of the Estonian nation begins about 2000 B.C. when they settled down in the land which is now known as Estonia. Roman historians called all the peoples of the Baltic area collectively by the name of “Aesti”; later that name came to apply to the Estonians alone. Tacitus thought that the “Aesti” spoke a language “similar to that of the Britons”, whereas in fact the Estonians, Finns and Livs spoke a so-called Finno-Ugri language, utterly distinct from the languages of Slavs, Germanic groups, Latvians and Lithuanians.

Women and the Norman Conquest

1994 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 221-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline Stafford
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Great Change ◽  
Norman Conquest ◽  
The North ◽  
French Writer ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Regard ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Married State

IN 1779 William Alexander published what is probably the first history of women in English. The work is in the eighteenth-century Enlightenment tradition of Montesquieu or the Scot Millar in its wide comparative reference; it ranges over ancient and modern societies, civilised and savage. Alexander was interested, like Millar, in the historical changes which had produced change for women; and convinced, like so many eighteenth-century thinkers, that change was a western phenomenon. In his story, the first great change after Rome came with the arrival of the Germans, who gave ‘law and custom to all Europe’ and who brought with them a new view of women. ‘Their women were in many respects of equal and sometimes even greater consideration and consequence than their men’. His sentiments echo those of the French writer Thomas, whom he had certainly read. In 1772 Thomas had begun his essay on the character, manners and spirit of women in different centuries by dividing the world into savages, who oppress as tyrants, orientals, who are driven to oppress due to an excess of love, and the denizens of temperate climates, where less passion allows greater freedom. It was thus from the cold ‘shores of the Baltic and forests of the North’ that the primitive Germans brought to Europe their spirit of gallantry and great respect for women. Both Thomas and Alexander echoed and adapted Tacitus’ classic picture of Germanic women. Tacitus had long since written of the high regard in which the German women were held: of the mothers and wives who urged their sons and husbands to valour, of their inspirational chastity, of the austere frugality of Germanic marriage, of wives whose controlled passions loved the married state itself rather than their husbands.

IV.—On the Important Part played by Calcareous Algæ at certain Geological Horizons, with Special Reference to the Palæozoic Rocks

1913 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 545-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Garwood
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Calcareous Algae ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Lower Carboniferous ◽  
History Of ◽  
Jurassic Rocks ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Baltic Area ◽  
Insight Into

Solenopora.—The discovery of this genus in the Lower Carboniferous rocks of Westmorland is of considerable interest, as its occurrence here gives us some insight into the history of its wanderings between the time when we last recorded it in the Gotlandian rocks of the Baltic area and its subsequent reappearance in the Lower Oolite of Gloucestershire. Whether it lived in the Baltic area during the Devonian and Carboniferous periods is, however, still unknown. The fact of its occurrence in the Caradoc, Carboniferous, and Jurassic rocks of the British Isles would appear to point to its existence not far off during the intervening periods.

scholarly journals Zonation of Lithuanian Silurian graptolites and other faunal groups

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juozas Paškevičius
Keyword(s):  
Low Energy ◽  
Contour Lines ◽  
Open Sea ◽  
History Of ◽  
Partial Extinction ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Baltic Area ◽  
Marine Basin ◽  
Equal Thickness

The Baltic Silurian Basin, Lithuanian Depression and other structures are shown in the map, with marked by isopachs (contour lines of equal thickness) of the Silurian beds with graptolites and fauna of other groups. The Silurian facies vary greatly in the Depression – from clayey open-sea deep shelf to carbonaceous ones of shallow shelf, and low-energy lagoon facies. The history of investigations on East Baltic area graptolites begins from 1953–1958, when 15 graptolite zones were singled out, and proceeds to 35 zones defined now. Peculiarities in the graptolite scale from C. cyphus to N. lochkovensis inclusive are discussed. Transgressions and regressions of the Silurian marine basin, as well as shorter transgressions with wedges and graptolites of clayey facies shifted towards basin shores and regressions with partial extinction of graptolites are elucidated. During these investigations the graptolite scale has been detailed and added with new zones. Graptolite evolution in the zones has been analysed. Stages of graptolite evolution are analysed in relation to the following bioevents: Stačiūnai, Likėnai, Valgu, Ireviken, Mulde, Linde, Lau, Klev and Šilalė. Finally, two tables present graptolite zone correlation with conodont, vertebrate and ostracod zones revealing a highly detailed stratigraphy of the Lithuanian Silurian.

Parish Registers and Revisions: Research Strategies in Estonian Historical Demography and Agrarian History

1983 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heldur Palli
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Historical Inquiry ◽  
Population Turnover ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Baltic Area ◽  
Estonian Population

Even when historians disagree profoundly over causation, periodization, and perhaps the ultimate purpose of historical inquiry, they may still be able to find common ground in the discussion of primary sources and of the appropriate methods of extracting from them accurate information about a vitally important but heretofore neglected dimension of past social life. Such an impression emerges when Heldur Palli‘s account of the historical demographic research at the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR is placed in the context of Western inquiries into the history of European populations. The methodological adjustments required in the application of well-known demographic techniques to unusual data sources should be better understood when the Estonian researchers conclude their work of family reconstitution from multi-lingual evidence about a peasantry with highly unstable naming practices. Also, Coale and Anderson (1979) described how the demographic characteristics of the Baltic area (including Estonia) in the late nineteenth century distinguished it from Russia proper, thus raising the question of when, in the distant past, these characteristics first appeared and how they can be described quantitatively before the first modern Baltic census of 1881. The sources being used by Palli and his colleagues no doubt will contain at least the beginnings of a concrete answer to these questions. Furthermore, the research by Peter Laslett and others on a regionalized model of premodern European household structure has suggested that the Baltic area stands somewhere between the West—with its high proportion of simple family households—and Russia—with its impressively high incidence of multiple family structures, a proposition which the cadastral revisions and fiscal censuses of Estonia should help to refine. There are also the questions of population turnover and social mobility, to which the frequent enumerations of the Estonian population ought to bring considerable quantitative evidence illustrating Eastern European patterns. Finally, Estonian peasants, like many other peasantries in the centuries discussed by Palli, were serfs; but, unlike all but a very few peasantries elsewhere, the Estonian population continued to be precisely enumerated by state authorities even after the abolition of serfdom in 1816-1819. The availability of detailed household-level data before and after legal emancipation will be of interest to Western scholars who have had to deal with the social structural consequences of emancipatory measures among servile agricultural populations in their own societies.

The Baltic Question and Its Historiography in St. Petersburg (from the Eighteenth Century to the Present)

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-121
Author(s):  
Vladimir Nikolaevich Baryshnikov
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Research Center ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The City

The article identifies the basic stages of, and key scholarly agendas in, the historiography of the Baltic question from the eighteenth century to the present. It focuses especially on the contributions of historians from St. Petersburg, showing how, even before the beginning of the twentieth century, the city became Russia's premier research center for the history of Northern Europe and the Baltic question. The article analyzes the collapse of the old scholarly traditions after 1917, their gradual re-establishment, and the role of Leningrad/Petersburg Scandinavianists during the recovery period.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document