scholarly journals Neighborhood Effects on AFDC Exits: Examining the Social Isolation, Relative Deprivation, and Epidemic Theories

1997 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 548-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P. Vartanian
2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Stephan Treuke

ResumenEste artículo examina el impacto de neighborhood effects en la movilidad económica de los habitantes de tres barrios segregados de Salvador (Brasil). Según la hipótesis de social isolation, la inserción del individuo en un contexto socio-residencial marcado por altas tasas de pobreza y desempleo, junto a la insuficiente articulación con redes sociales e instituciones mainstream, obstaculizan su integración socioeconómica. Mientras tanto, la proximidad a un vecindario rico puede promocionar mayores estructuras de oportunidades. A partir de entrevistas investigando sobre la morfología de las redes egocentradas se corrobora que la contigüidad de la favela Nordeste de Amaralina a condominios de la clase média-alta beneficia la integración económica. Sin embargo, los mecanismos de segmentación social debilitan estos potenciales y las redes revelan un alto grado de homofilia y localismo. La segregación y la escasez de empleo en el barrio periférico Plataforma favorecen el encapsulamiento de las redes, mientras que el efecto socializador de instituciones públicas en el también periférico barrio Fazenda Grande II atenúa el impacto de la segregación. Las redes se constituyen mayoritariamente de bridging ties, promocionando la movilidad económica. El documento concluye subrayando la pertinencia del concepto social isolation en contextos de segregación donde existe una mayor congruencia entre espacio social y espacio geográfico en la constitución de las redes. Mientras que el Nordeste de Amaralina y Plataforma corren el riesgo de convertirse en barrios socialmente aislados, ya que desarticulados de los demás estratos sociales, las inversiones públicas en instituciones socialmente integrativas en Fazenda Grande II promueven las interacciones interclase. Palabras clave: Segregación residencial económica, neighborhood effects, social isolation, movilidad económica, redes egocentradas. AbstractThis qualitative study examines the neighborhood effects on the economic mobility of the inhabitants of three segregated neighborhoods in Salvador (Brazil), in other words the socio-economic advantages and disadvantages affecting the lifes of poor people due to their embeddedness in specific socio-residential contexts. According to the hypothesis of social isolation, the missing articulation with social networks and institutions representing mainstream society and the insufficient exposition to middle class role models foster the reproduction of poverty. However, major disagreement remains whether the contiguity between residents of poor neighborhoods and higherclass condominio-dwellers provides structures of opportunities. Based on a survey analyzing the inhabitants’ egocentric networks, the study confirms that the proximity of Nordeste de Amaralina to middle-/upper-class communities improves the access to labour opportunities. Nevertheless, mechanisms of social segmentation annihilate these potentials. The residents´ networks reveal a high degree of homophily and localism. Segregational structures and the scarcity of economic opportunities in Plataforma foster the networks’ fragmentation whereas the social heterogeneity of Fazenda Grande II interviewees and the socialising effects of public institutions mitigate the impact of segregation. The networks’ composition admits a greater proportion of bridging ties. The study concludes emphasizing the relevance of the social isolation hypothesis in Urban Sociology whenever the process of social network building operates in contexts of segregation where social space appears to be highly congruent with the geographical environment. Whereas Nordeste de Amaralina and Plataforma risk to become socially isolated, the Fazenda Grande II case demonstrates that public investments in social infrastructure stimulate interclass interactions. Key-words: Economic residential segregation, neighborhood effects, social isolation, economic mobility, egocentric networks.  Resumo  O presente artigo  examina o impacto do neighborhood effects na mobilidade econômica dos moradores de três bairros segregados no Salvador (Brasil). De acordo com a hipótese social isolation, a inserção do indivíduo num contexto social residencial marcado pelas altas taxas de pobreza e desemprego, além da   insuficiente coordenação com as redes sociais e  instituições mainstream , dificultam sua integração sócio-económica.  Por enquanto, a proximidade de um bairro rico pode promover estruturas de oportunidades maiores. Por meio de entrevistas pesquisando sobre a morfología das redes egocentradas confirma-se que a contiguidade da favela Nordeste de Amaralina com condomínios de classe méia-alta tras consigo benefícios de integração econômica. No entanto, os mecanismos de segmentação social enfraquecem estes potenciais e as redes revelam um elevado grau de homofilia e localismo.  A segregação junto com a escassez de emprego no bairro periférico Plataforma propícia o encapsulamento das redes , enquanto o efeito socializador das instituições públicas no também bairro periférico Fazenda Grande II atenua o impacto da segregação. As redes constituense maiormente em bridging ties ,promovendo a mobilidade econômica. O documento conclui salientando a relevância do conceito social isolation nos contextos de segregação onde há uma maior coerência entre o espaço social e o espaço geográfico na constituição de redes. Enquanto o Nordeste Amaralina e Plataforma corren o risco de se tornar bairros socialmente isolados, já que desarticulados das outras camadas sociais, os investimentos públicos em instituições socialmente integradoras em Fazenda Grande II promovem as interações entre clases.Palavras chave: segregação residencial econômico, neighborhood effects, social isolation, mobilidade econômica, redes egocentradas. 


Author(s):  
Fabiana Espíndola Ferrer

This chapter is an ethnographic case study of the social integration trajectories of youth living in two stigmatized and poor neighborhoods in Montevideo. It explains the linkages between residential segregation and social inclusion and exclusion patterns in unequal urban neighborhoods. Most empirical neighborhood research on the effects of residential segregation in contexts of high poverty and extreme stigmatization have focused on its negative effects. However, the real mechanisms and mediations influencing the so-called neighborhood effects of residential segregation are still not well understood. Scholars have yet to isolate specific neighborhood effects and their contribution to processes of social inclusion and exclusion. Focusing on the biographical experiences of youth in marginalized neighborhoods, this ethnography demonstrates the relevance of social mediations that modulate both positive and negative residential segregation effects.


Author(s):  
S. Dantas Silva ◽  
F. M. Mendes Neto ◽  
R. M. de Lima ◽  
A. F. Sousa Neto ◽  
R. V. Santos Júnior ◽  
...  

2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Shotter

Three themes seem to be common to both Greenwood’s and Gustavsen’s accounts: One is the social isolation of professional [research] elites from the concerns of ordinary people, which connects with another: the privileging of theory over practice. Both of these are connected, however, with a third: the great, unresolved struggle of ordinary people to gain control over their own lives, to escape from schemes imposed on them by powerful elites, and to build a genuinely participatory culture. An understanding of Wittgenstein’s later philosophy, and the recognition of its striking differences from any previous philosophical works, can make some important contributions to all these issues. Wittgenstein’s aim is not, by the use of reason and argument, to establish any foundational principles to do with the nature of knowledge, perception, the structure of our world, scientific method, etc. Instead, he is concerned to inquire into the actual ways available to us of possibly making sense in the many different practical activities we share in our everyday lives together: “We are not seeking to discover anything entirely new, only what is already in plain view.”


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingyi Ou ◽  
yunhanqi ◽  
Ke Zhang ◽  
Yuexiao Du ◽  
Yihang He ◽  
...  

The social isolation due to the COVID-19 pandemic exerts lasing impacts on people’s mental health. However, whether and how people’s pre-existing positive social relationships can serve as stable reserves to alleviate people psychological distress following the disaster remains unknown. To address the question, the current study examined whether pre-pandemic relationship satisfaction would predict post-pandemic COVID-19 anxiety through middle-pandemic perceived social support and/or gratitude using four-wave data in China (N = 222, 54.50% female, Mage = 31.53, SD = 8.17). Results showed that people’s COVID-19 anxiety decreased from the peak to the trough pandemic stage; perceived social support increased markedly from the pre-pandemic to the peak and remained stable afterwards, while relationship satisfaction remained unchanged throughout. Further, it was middle-pandemic perceived social support, but not gratitude, mediated the association between pre-pandemic relationship satisfaction and post-pandemic COVID-19 anxiety, indicating perceived social support played a more crucial role than gratitude in this process. Last, it is suggested to distinguish perceived social support from gratitude as two different components of social interactions.


The Autism Spectrum Disorder(ASD) are distinguished by persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction and restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior. Coronaviruses are an extremely common cause of colds and other upper respiratory infections. COVID-19, short for “coronavirus disease 2019”. The fast spread of the virus that causes COVID-19 has sparked alarm worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared this rapidly spreading coronavirus outbreak a pandemic. Most of the countries around the world are adopting social distancing to slow the spread of coronavirus. There are several possible impacts of this pandemic on the daily lives of individuals with ASD, such as worsening of dysfunctional behaviors and regression of skills already acquired in different domains of development due to the social isolation. The objective of this article is to provide guidance to parents, health and education professionals that live or work with ASD individuals during the social isolation, on how to manage interventions that can be executed in the home environment, like remote training in language and social communication skills, behavioral strategies and sensory integration activities


2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 3-3
Author(s):  
Dominique M Sommer ◽  
Jennifer M Young ◽  
Christopher J Byrd

Abstract Cross-fostering is a common swine husbandry practice; however, little research has focused on the effects of foster stress on piglets post-weaning. This study evaluated the effect of cross-fostering on behavioral indicators of post-weaning stress susceptibility. Litters (n = 40) were allocated to 1 of 2 treatments: control (CON) and foster. Three piglets (FOS) from each CON litter were randomly selected and moved to a foster litter 12–24 h post-farrowing, where they were nursed along resident (RES) piglets until weaning (approximately 18 d of age). At 21- and 28-d post-weaning, a male and female piglet from each treatment (FOS, RES, CON) underwent 1 of 2 behavior tests: social isolation and social confrontation. Both tests were conducted in an isolated 1.22 × 1.22 m novel pen. For social isolation, escape attempts, movement between floor quadrants (i.e. locomotion), defecation, and urination events were counted. For social confrontation, the latency to first aggressive interaction and the number of aggressive interactions were quantified. All data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure in SAS. The CON piglets moved between quadrants more frequently than RES piglets (P = 0.02), while FOS piglets moved between quadrants intermediate to (but not different from) CON and RES piglets (P = 0.44 and 0.12, respectively). Females moved between quadrants more frequently than males (P < 0.0001). The latency to first aggressive interaction was shorter in FOS piglets compared to CON piglets (P = 0.048). There was a treatment by sex interaction (P < 0.01) for number of aggressive interactions, with CON and RES females having more aggressive interactions than their male counterparts (P = 0.04 for both) while FOS females had fewer aggressive interactions than FOS males (P = 0.007). No additional differences were detected (all P > 0.05). Overall, these results provide little evidence that FOS piglets exhibit an increase in behavioral stress susceptibility post-weaning. However, future work should expand upon and clarify the social confrontation findings.


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